Loss and Damage Financing in the Climate Justice Debate
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.111.16289Keywords:
Climate Change, Concept of Loss and Damage, Loss and Damage Financing, Climate Justice, Global North - Global South Climate ConflictAbstract
The concept of Loss and Damage (L & D) emerged as a contentious issue during the negotiations for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The framing of the concept and the demand for a Loss and Damage Fund were both controversial. It is these controversial dimensions of the climate change regime that are analysed in this article. The data were obtained from mainly publications of UNFCCC Secretariat, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, climate negotiation blocs and civil society organisations. Based on a sample of thirty-six sources, the varied conceptualisations of L & D are examined. The concept was politicised. Be that as it may, it was in the demand for L & D financing that the influence of politics was particularly apparent. The demand brought into conflict the Global South and the Global North. The basic argument of the Global South in its demand for a L & D Fund was based on the need for climate justice. In spite of the fact that the demand started as early as 1991, it was only in 2022 during COP 27 in Egypt that the Global North accepted in principle, based on an understanding that liability and compensation were not involved. The Fund was formally established during COP 28 in Dubai in 2023. However, issues of effective funding remain.
References
Hughes J.D. (2010) Climate Change: A History of Environmental Knowledge, in Capitalism, Nature, Socialism. DOI: 10.1080/10455752.2010.508619.
Le Treut H.R. et al. (2007) Historical Overview of Climate Change, in Solomon S. et al. (eds.) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (IPCC Publication), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chapter 1, 95-127. th
Weart S.R. (2009) The Idea of Anthropogenic Global Climate Change in the 20 Century. Wiley International Reviews, 1: 67-81.
IPCC (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. th
World Economic Forum (2023) The Global Risks Report 2023, 18 Edition. Cologny/Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
Newell P. (2022) Climate Justice. Journal of Peasant Studies, 49: 915-923.
Ikporukpo C. (2022) Climate Justice: Whose Justice? Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9: 113-148.
Potter L. et al. (2020) Climate Justice in a Climate Changed World. Planning Theory and Practice. 21: 293-321.
Berberian A.G. et al. (2022) Racial Disparities in Climate Change-Related Health Effects in the United States, Current Environmental Health Report, 9: 451-464.
Dorkenoo K., Scown M. & Boyd E. (2022) A Critical Review of Disproportionality in Loss and Damage from Climate Change. WIREs Climate Change, 13(4): e770.
Voelker J. et al. (2018) Assessing Vulnerability to Urban Heat: A Study of Disproportionate Heat Exposure and access to refuge by Socio-demographic Status in Portland, Oregon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15: 640.
Hsu A. et al. (2021) Disproportionate Exposure to Urban Heat Island Intensity Across Major US Cities. Nature Communications, 12: 2721.
Shteynberg E. et al. (2023) Unequal Burden: Exploring the Disproportionate Impacts of Climate Change on Marginalized Communities. Climate Equity Group Report 1, 01-39.
Islam S.N. & Winkel J. (2017) Climate Change and Social Inequality. DESA Working Paper No.152.
India Climate Justice Forum (2002) Delhi Climate Justice Declaration. New Delhi, India.
United Nations (2019) Pacific Island have Unique Moral Authority to Speak Out on Climate Change, Secretary General Emphasizes at Forum Leaders’ Meeting. Press Release, 15 May 2019.
Thomas A. et al. (2020) Climate Change and Small Island Developing States, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 45: 1-27.
Larsen J. (2018) Disappearing Islands: A Climate Change Wake-up Call. Climate Change Unit, Population Connection.
Campbell J. & Warrick O. (2014) Climate Change and Migration Issues in the Pacific. Suva, Fiji: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
De la Sierra L.S. (2018) Climate Change, Migration and Disappearing States: The Case of Pacific Island Countries, Policy Report, United Nations University.
Allen E. (2018) Climate Change and Disappearing Island States: Pursuing Remedial Territory. Brill Open Law, 2018: 1-23.
Mary Robinson Foundation (2013) Declaration on Climate Justice. Mary Robinson Foundation.
Pan African Climate Justice Alliance (2010) African Climate Justice Manifesto. All Africa Conference of Churches.
United Nations (1992a) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN.
United Nations (2015) Paris Agreement. New York: UN.
United Nations (1992b) Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992), Annex 1, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, UN.
AOSIS (2008) AOSIS Input into the Assembly Paper on Financing, AOSIS.
LDCs (2008) LDCs Presentation on International Air Passenger Adaptation Levy, LDCs Bloc.
Khan M.R. (2015) Polluter Pays Principle: The Cardinal Instrument for Addressing Climate Change. Laws, 4: 638-653.
Climate & Clean Air Coalition (2023) SIDS and SLCPs: The Disproportionate Climate Risk Faced by Small Island Developing States. Nairobi: UNEP.
Mayer B. (2016) The Relevance of the No-Harm Principle to Climate Change Laws and Politics. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, 19: 79-104.
Maljean-Dubois S. (2021) The No-Harm Principle as the Foundation of International Climate Law in Mayer B. & Zahar A. (eds.) Debating Climate Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 15-28.
Roht-Arriaza N. (2010) First, Do Not Harm, Human Rights and Effort to Combat Climate Change. Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, 38: 593-612.
Vanuatu (2022) Vanuatu Statement at UNFCCC COP 27 By His Excellency Nikenike Vurobaravu.
Cordova T., Bravo J. & Acosta-Cordova J.M. (2022) Environmental Justice and the Alliance for a Just Transition: Grist for Climate Justice Planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 38: https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122221121120
La Via Campesina (2018) La Via Campesina in Action for Climate Justice. Berlin: Heinrich Boll Foundation.
Porta D.D. & Parks L. (2014) Framing Processes in the Climate Movement: From Climate Change to Climate Justice, in Dietz M. & Garrelts (eds.) Routledge Handbook of the Climate Change Movement, 19-30.
Grosse C. (2019) Climate Justice Movement Building: Values and Cultures of Creation in Santa Barbara, California. Social Science, 8: 79.
Joshi N. (2023) Radical Movements as a Call to Climate Action: A Space-Time Connection. Climate Action, 2: 35.
Gulliver R.E., Vachette A. & Boddington S. (2023) How Australian Non-Governmental Organisations Frame and Enact Climate Justice, Climate Action, 18: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-023-00049-2
Drieschova A. (2021) The Social Media Revolution and Shifts in the Climate Change Discourse, Research Paper No.29, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
Mohamed S.H.S. (2018) Climate Change: Social Media Influences and Public Awareness. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, 6: 36-42.
Schafer M.S. & Schlichting I. (2014) Media Representation of Climate Change: A Meta-Analysis of the Research Field. Environmental Communication, 8: 142-160.
Mungai E.W. (2021) Coverage of Climate Change Issues in Kenyan Print Media: A Case of Daily Nation and Standard Newspapers, MA Thesis, The Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Culloty E. et al. (2019) Climate Change in Irish Media. EPA Research Report, Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle, Westford.
Mooseder A. et al. (2023) Social Media Logics and Visualizing Climate Change Images on Twitter. Social Media Society, January-March: 1-14.
Schafer M.S. & Painter J. (2021) Climate Journalism in a Changing Media Ecosystem: Assessing the Production of Climate Change-related News Around the world. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 12(1): e675
Kamboh S.A. & Ittegaq M. (2022) Advocacy Journalism and Climate Justice in a Global Southern Country, School of Communication Studies, James Madison University, Faculty Scholarship, 6.
Taylor L. & Elks S. (2021) Three Years of Greta Thunberg’s Activism: Still Time to Change Our Climate Future. Thomson Reuters Foundation News, 20 August 2021.
Chen K. et al. (2023) How Climate Movement Actions and News Media Frame Climate Change and Strike: Evidence from Analyzing Twitter and News Media Discourse from 2018 to 2021. International Journal of Press/Politics, 28: 384-413.
Smiles T. & Edwards G.A.S. (2021) How Does Extinction Rebellion Engage with Climate Justice? A Case Study of XR Norwich. Local Environment, DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2021.1974367
Chia J. (2021) social media and the Global Climate Strike: A Tool for Youth Climate Change Activists and Politicians. Sojourners, 18-39.
Shim D. (2023) Visualizing Climate Activism on social media: How Does Fridays for Future Germany Picture Climate Action? Working Paper No.33, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
Ackerman E. (2009) Financing the Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Measures in Developing Measures in Developing Countries, G24 Discussion Paper No.57, United Nations, New York.
Allan J. et al. (2017) From Bali to Marrakech: A Decade of International Climate Negotiations, International Institute for Sustainable Development, New York.
Colenbrander S., Dodman G. & Mitlin D. (2017) Using Climate Finance to Advance Climate Justice: The Politics and Practice of Channelling Resources to the Local Level. Climate Policy. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2017.1388212.
Garrison J.A. (2017) Overcoming Obstacles in Global Climate Action from Copenhagen to Paris: Issue Framing as a Tool to Understand Opportunities for Policy Change. KFG Working Paper, Berlin.
Fernandez-Zubieta et al. (2023) Digital Activism Masked - The Friday for Future Movement and the Global Day of Climate Action: Testing Social Function and Framing Typologies of Claims on Twitter. Social Sciences, 12: 676.
Ikporukpo C.O. & Ikporukpo N.N. (2022) Spatial Hierarchy of Climate Injustice. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9: 354-370.
Global Campaign to Demand Climate Justice (2023) COP 28 is Running into Overtime, But Your Time is Up to Deliver Climate Justice. Statement by Climate Activists. Dubai, 12 December 2023.
India Climate Justice Forum (2002) Delhi Climate Justice Declaration. Delhi, India.
Jensen L. & Roniger J. (2023) International Climate Finance: Status Quo, Challenges and Policy Perspectives, Briefing, European Parliament.
Biagini B. & Dobardzic S. (2011) Accessing Resources Under the Special Climate Change Fund. Global Environmental Facility.
Callian E. (2016) Loss and Damage: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Parties’ Positions in Climate Change Negotiations. Journal of Risk Research. DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1240706
Calliari E., Serdeczny O. & Vanhala L. (2020) Making Sense of the Politics in the Climate Change Loss & Damage Debate. Global Environmental Change. Global Environmental Change. Global Environmental Change. DOI: 10.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102133
Falzon D. et al. (2023) Tactical Opposition: Obstructing Loss and Damage Finance in the United Nations Climate Negotiations. Global Environmental Politics. https//doi.org/10.1162/glep-a-00722
Venn A. (2021) Legal Claims for Reparation of Loss and Damage in Mayer B. & Zahar A. (eds.) Debating Climate Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 329-348.
Pottier A. et al. (2017) A Survey of Global Climate Justice: From Negotiation Stance to Moral Stakers and Back. International Review of Environment and Resource Economics, 11: 1-53.
Allan J. et al. (2017) From Bali to Marrakech: A Decade of International Climate Negotiations, International Institute for Sustainable Development.
CarbonBrief (2023) COP 28: Key Outcomes Agreed at the UN ClimateTalks in Dubai. Carbonbrief.org
Alves M.W.F. & Mariano E.B. (2018) Climate Justice and Human Development: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 202: 360-375.
Beauregard C. et al. (2021) Climate Justice and Right-Based Litigation in a Post-Paris World. Climate Policy, 21: 652-665.
Bhandary R.R., Gallagher K.S. & Zhang F. (2021) Climate Finance Policy in Practice: A Review of the Evidence. Climate Policy, 21: 529-545.
Chaudhury A. (2020) Role of Intermediaries in Shaping Climate Finance in Developing Countries - Lessons from the Green Climate Fund. Sustainability, 12: 5507. o
Dietz S. et al. (2018) The Economics of 1.5 C Climate Change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43: 455-480.
IEA (2021) Net Zero By 2050: A Road Map for the Global Energy Sector, IEA, Paris.
IPCC (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Summary for Policy Makers), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Marquardt J. (2020) Fridays for Future’s Disruptive Potential: An Inconvenient Youth Between Moderate and Radical Ideas. Frontiers in Communication, 5: 48.
Pichardo N.A. (1988) Resource Mobilization: An Analysis of Conflicting Theoretical Variations. The Sociological Quarterly, 29: 97-110.
Pickering J. & Barry C. (2012) On the Concept of Climate Debt: Its Moral and Political Value. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 15: 667-685.
Pottier A. et al. (2017) A Survey of Global Climate Justice: From Negotiation Stances to Moral Stakes and Back. International Review of Environment and Resource Economics, 11: 1-53.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Chris O. Ikporukpo, Ninane Nina Ikporukpo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
