Perception Of Illegal Migration And Sex Trafficking In Europe Among Younger Women Of Oredo Lga, Edo State, Nigeria: The Social Work And Ethical Considerations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8444Keywords:
illegal migration, sex trafficking, ethics, social work, Nigeria.Abstract
The movement of human populations across the planet has characterized human societies throughout history. However, the increasing rate of such movements across National borders has been in such a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country, put trafficked persons at risk and has given birth to modern day slavery. This study was therefore designed to ascertain the perception of illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe among young women in Oredo, Benin City, Nigeria. The study used a multi stage random sample of 90 women aged 18-40 years whom were interviewed using in-depth interviews (20) and Focus Group Discussions guides (7). The qualitative data generated were content analyzed and the results indicate that majority of the women perceive illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe negatively. They however would not discourage anyone who wishes to engage in the act, partly due to the socio economic benefits derived therein. Given that illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe is inimical to human and societal well-being, it therefore becomes necessary for social workers and ethical practitioners to advocate the formulation of policies and programmes focusing on ethical migration practice and women empowerment with aim to rehabilitate and reduce human sex exploitation.
References
Agbu, O. (2003). Corruption and Human Trafficking: The Nigerian Case. West African Review, 4 (1), pp. 1-13
Akanji, O. O. (2012). Migration, conflicts and statehood problem in Nigeria: The Self-determination issue. Journal of Nigeria Studies, 1(2), 21-24.
Arango, J. (2000). Explaining migration: A critical view. International social science journal, 52(165), pp. 283-296
Bertone, A. M. (2000). Sexual trafficking in women: International political economy and the politics of sex. Gender Issues, 18 (1), 2–22.
Bruckert, C., and C. Parent (2002). Trafficking in Human Beings and Organized Crime: A Literature Review. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Mimeo.
Carling, J (2015). Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO)
Emmanuel, J. C.D & Ogbonnaya, U. M (2012). Combating Human Trafficking in Nigeria: An Evaluation of State Policies and Programmes. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 (3) 161. Doi: 10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n3p161
Chand, S. (2008). Economics of Human Trafficking: A Survey. The Australian National University. Mimeo.
Dando, C. J., Walsh, D., & Brierley, R. (2016) Perceptions of Psychological Coercion and Human Trafficking in the West Midlands of England: Beginning to Know the Unknown. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0153263. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153263
Dovydaitis T (2010). Human trafficking: the role of the health care provider. Journal of Midwifery Women’s Health. 55:462–467.
Ebri, P. O. (2017). International migration and the study of socio-economic development in Nigeria: the role of Nigerian immigration service. "A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Political Science and International Relations," Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Encyclopedia, (2018). Immigration, ethical and health issues." Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Retrieved February 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-andmaps/immigration-ethical-and-health-issues
Fayomi, O. O. (2013). The Diasporas and Nigeria-Ghana relations (1979-2010). PhD Guardian, Friday, may 22, pp 28-29.
Fussell, E., & Massey, D. S. (2004). The limits to cumulative causation: International migration from Mexican urban areas. Demography, 41(1), pp. 151-171
Grit K, den Otter J. J, Spreij A (2012). Access to health care for undocumented migrants: a comparative policy analysis of England and the Netherlands. J Health Polit Policy Law. 37(1):37–67. 571
Gushulak, B. D., Weekers, J & MacPherson, D. W (2009). Migrants and emerging public health issues in a globalized world: threats, risks and challenges, an evidence-based framework. Emerg Health Threats J.; 2: e10. Published online 2010 Mar 31. doi: 10.3134/ehtj.09.010
Hacker K., Chu J., Leung, C., Marra, R., Pirie, A., Brahimi, M., English, M., Beckmann, J., Acevedo-Garcia, D., & Marlin, R. P. (2011). The impact of immigration and customs enforcement on immigrant health: perceptions of immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(4):586–94
Hodge, D. R. (2008). Sexual trafficking in the United States: A domestic problem with transnational dimensions. Social Work, 53, 143-152
Iheanacho, N. N. & Ughaerumba, C. (2016). The Rising Paradigm of Pentecostapreneurship in Nigeria: Impacts on National Development. Open Journal of Philosophy. 06. 288-298. 10.4236/ojpp.2016.63028.
International Organization of Migration (2014). Irregular Migration and Cross Border. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research, 3(2).
Jennissen, R. P. W. (2004). Macro-economic determinants of international migration in Europe. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers
Johnson, I. & Sigler, R. (1996). Public perceptions of interpersonal violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 419- 430
Johnston, V (2009). Australian asylum policies: have they violated the right to health of asylum seekers? Aust N Z Journal of Public Health. 33(1):40–6.
Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. Retrieved from http://www.globelicsacademy.net/2008/2008_lectures/lewis%20unlimited%20labor%20supply%201954.pdf
Lynette, P. M (2007). Ethics of migration. Retrieved from https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focusareas/more/resources/the-ethics-of-migration-and-immigration/
Massey, D. S. (1990). Social structure, household strategies, and the cumulative causation of migration. Population index, 56 (1), pp. 3-26
Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E (1993). Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. Population and development review, 19 (3), pp. 431-466
Massey, D. S., Goldring, L., & Durand, J. (1994). Continuities in transnational migration: An analysis of nineteen Mexican communities. American journal of Sociology, 99 (6) pp. 1492-1533
National Association of Social Workers. (2003). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC.
National Association of Social Workers. (2012). Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers policy statements, 2009- 2012. Washington, D.C: NASW Press.
National Population Commission (2006). Federal Republic of Nigeria. Official Gazette, 94 (24), 178-198.
Neha, A., Deshpande, B. A & Nour, M. N (2013). Sex trafficking of women and girls. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 6(1): e22–e27.
Njoku A. O. (2005). Contemporary Public Issues in Social Studies Education in Nigeria, Enugu:
Njoku, A.O (2015) “Human trafficking and Its effects on National image: The Nigerian case” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research www.multidisciplinaryjournals.com (retrieved February, 2019)
Ojugbana, V. (2015). Between allure of better life and death at Mediterranean Sea. The Guardian, Friday, may 22, pp 28- 29.
Okojie, C.E.E., Okojie, O., Eghafona, K., Vincent-Osaghae, G., & Kalu, V. (2003). Report of field survey in Edo State, Nigeria. United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Programme of action against trafficking in minors and young women from Nigeria into Italy for the purpose of sexual exploitation, Torino.
Okonofua, F. E., Ogbomwan, S.M., Alutu, A. N. Okop, F., & Aghahowa, E. (2004). Knowledge, attitudes and experiences of sex trafficking by young women in Benin City, South-South Nigeria. Elsevier journal of social sciences & medicine, 59 (1). 1315 - 1327. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8444 572
Onah, E, (2004). The politics of xenophobia: Race, National groups and anti-immigrants violence in South Africa. Government Printers.
Otti, S (2011). How Nigerian girls are forced into prostitution in Mali. Daily Sun, Tuesday, Redeemed Printing and Publishing Co, pp 185 —208.
Rahman, M. A (2011). Human trafficking in the era of globalization: The case of trafficking in the global market economy. Transcience Journal 2, (1)2191-1150
Robinson, J. (2011). Public perceptions of human trafficking in Moldova. Psychosocial Intervention, 20 (3), 269-279
Sandru, V (1996). Advancement of women: report of the third committee. Traffic in women and girls. Adopted Resolution II (51/66)—51st UN General Assembly (Unpublished). Fifty-first session, Agenda item, 103 (6) p. A/51/612.
State secretariat (2018). List of wards and streets. Edo, Benin City, Nigeria.
Steel, Z., Momartin, S., Silove, D., Coello, M., Aroche, J., & Tay, K. W. (2011). Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies. Soc Sci Med.72 (7):1149–56.
Swende, T. Z., Sokpo, J & Tamen F. I (2008). Globalization and health: a critical appraisal. Niger J Med. 17:135–8.
Taire, S. (2004) “Akwa Ibom bans child trafficking”, Vanguard, June 1, 2004 p7.
Tammy J. Toney-Butler; Olivia M (2018). Human trafficking. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
The Economist (2004). “People Trafficking: Nigeria’s Other Export.” This Day, Monday, May 3, Back Page (BP).
Todaro, M. P. (1976). Internal Migration in Developing Countries: A Survey. In R.A. Easterline (Ed.), Population and economic change in developing countries (pp.361-402). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013). The challenge of new psychoactive substances. Vienna: 2013. A report from the Global SMART Programme.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2016). World drug report. United Nations publication; Vienna: (Sales No. E.16.XI.7)
Uwa, O. G., Okor, P., Ahmed, T. M (2014). Human trafficking and interface of Slavery in the 21st Century in Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. 4(21) 10
Van Naerssen, T., Spaan, E., & Zoomers, A (Eds.). (2008). Global Migration and Development. London: Routledge
Women’s Health and Action Research Centre (2002). Sexual trafficking: A challenge to reproductive health in Nigeria‰, Women’s Health Forum, 7(1).
Wickramasinghe, A.A.I.N (2016). International migration and migration theories. Social Affairs. 1(5), 13-32
Yacine, A. K (2015). Universal declaration of human rights. United Nations.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 OKAFOR NNEKA IFEOMA, IWUAGWU ANTHONY OBINNA, GOBO BLESSING NGOWARI, NGWU CHRISTOPHER NDUBUISI, OBI-KEGUNA CHRISTY NGOZI, NWATU UCHE LOUISA, RAHMAN FARAH NAZ
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
