Polarization and Emotional Response to Threats: The Case of Covid-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1111.17852Keywords:
Psychopathy, polarization, Covid-19, fight or flight response, JEL codes: D91, I10Abstract
In this paper, we ask how polarization is related to innate responses to threats. Through an online survey, we study the relationship between polarization about Covid-19 mitigation measures and psychopathy, a condition characterized by a reduced emotional response to perceived threats. We find that polarization is significantly lower for individuals with high psychopathy traits. This suggests that polarization over emotionally-charged political issues may be related to a biological mechanism that operates in high-risk environments: the fight or flight response.
References
Azzimonti, M., and M. Fernandes (2023) “Social Media Networks, Fake News, and Polarization” European Journal of Political Economy 76, 102256.
Allcott, H., L. Boxell, J. Conway, M. Gentzkow, M. Thaler, and D. Yang (2020) “Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing During the Coronavirus Pandemic” Journal of Public Economics 191, 104254.
Autor, D., D. Dorn, G. Hanson, and K. Majlesi (2020) “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure” American Economic Review 110 (10), 3139-3183.
Grechyna, D. (2016) “On the determinants of political polarization” Economics Letters 144, 10-14.
Oxley, D. R., K. B. Smith, J. R. Alford, M. V. Hibbing, J. L. Miller, M. Scalora, P. T. Hatemi, and J. R. Hibbing (2008) “Political attitudes vary with physiological traits” Science 321(5896), 1667-1670.
Blanchard, D. C., A. L. Hynd, K. A. Minke, T. Minemoto, and R. J. Blanchard (2001) “Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear-and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 25(7-8), 761-770.
Fanti, K. A., K. Konikou, M. Cohn, A. Popma, and I. A. Brazil (2020) “Amygdala functioning during threat acquisition and extinction differentiates antisocial subtypes” Journal of Neuropsychology 14(2), 226-241.
LeDoux, J. (2003) “The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala” Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 23, 727-738.
Levenson, M. R., K. A. Kiehl, and C. M. Fitzpatrick (1995) “Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, 151-158.
Brinkley, C. A., W. A. Schmitt, S. S. Smith, and J. P. Newman (2001) “Construct validation of a self-report psychopathy scale: does Levenson’s self-report psychopathy scale measure the same constructs as Hare’s psychopathy checklist-revised?” Personality and Individual Differences 31, 1021-1038. The prevalence of psychopathic traits among violent criminals is higher than in the overall population [19]. Baron-Cohen [20] discusses a similar tradeoff for autism. 314
Lynam, D. R., S. Whiteside, and S. Jones (1999) “Self-reported psychopathy: A validation study” Journal of Personality Assessment 73, 110-132.
Hare, R. D. (1991) “The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised” Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems
Van Honk, J., and D. J. L. G Schutter (2006) “Unmasking feigned sanity: A neurobiological model of emotion processing in primary psychopathy” Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 11(3), 285-306.
Kimonis, E. R., N. Goulter, D. J. Hawes, R. R. Wilbur, and M. W. Groer (2017) “Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants” Developmental Psychobiology 59(2), 161-173.
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) “Emotion circuits in the brain” Annual Review of Neuroscience 23(1), 155-184.
Marcus, D. K., S. L. John, and J. F. Edens (2004) “A taxometric analysis of psychopathic personality” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113(4), 626.
Haslam, N., E. Holland, and P. Kuppens (2012) “Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: A quantitative review of taxometric research” Psychological Medicine 42(5), 903-920.
Osumi, T., and H. Ohira (2010) “The positive side of psychopathy: Emotional detachment in psychopathy and rational decision-making in the ultimatum game” Personality and Individual Differences 49(5), 451-456.
De Brito, S. A., A. E. Forth, A. R. Baskin-Sommers, I. A. Brazil, E. R. Kimonis, D. Pardini, P. J. Frick, R. J. R. Blair, and E. Viding (2021) “Psychopathy” Nature Reviews Disease Primers 7(1), 49.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2020) “The pattern seekers: How autism drives human invention” New York: Basic Books.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Pedro Hemsley, Flavio Moraes, Lynda Pavão

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
