Import and Export of PhDs in Europe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.50.848Abstract
Education is recognized as one of the most significant knowledge-intensive export industries and its contribution to the trade balance cannot be ignored for many countries. Although there are a wide range of educational services for trade, this study focuses on the trade of ‘Doctoral Degrees’ or ‘Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)’ in Europe with a special emphasis on the top European universities in economics. By investigating the imports and exports of PhDs in the top European universities, this paper discovers that European countries have relatively distinctive roles in the trade of PhDs, net exporters (Belgium, Switzerland and Germany), trader in balance (the Netherlands) and net importers (Spain and Denmark), in terms of its top universities.
References
Barrow, c.w., didou.s., and mellea. J. (2004) globalisation, trade liberalisation, and Higher education in north america: the emergence of a new market under nafta? Dordrecht: kluwer academic publishers.
Baty, p. (2011) ‘university rankings are always controversial’. Commonwealth education Partnerships 2011/2012: 70Z74.
Ec. (2002) ‘detailed work programme on the followZup of the objectives of education and Training systems in europe’. Official journal of the european communities 45: 1Z22. Holmes, r. ‘competition and controversy in global rankings’. University world news. Retrieved from Http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130626160718267
Sagara, t. (2014) the ‘quantity’ and ‘quality’ of internationalization of the faculties in The top universities in china, hong kong, japan, singapore and south korea in the case of economics. World journal of social science vol.1, no. 2: 32Z42.
Saner, r. And fasel, s. (2003) negotiating trade in educational services within the Wto/gats context. Aussenwirtshaft 11: 257Z308.
Verger, a. (2004) wto/gats and the global politics of higher education. London: routledge.
