Integrity and Child Maltreatment at Child Care Centers : A Conceptual Paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.114.16096Keywords:
Integrity, child maltreatment, child care centersAbstract
The Department of Social Welfare (JKM) reported 5572 child maltreatment cases until November 2022. According to the Deputy Women, Family and Community Development Minister, Datuk Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff, the welfare department recorded a total of 336 child maltreatment cases in various categories involving day care centers, register and unregistered nurseries and kindergartens were reported in year 2021 to 2022. Child maltreatment or child abuse is defined as “all forms of physical, emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development, or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power” (World Health Organization, 1999). With alarming statistics nationwide for several years consecutively, child abuse cases have sparks outrage to many; police, media, politicians, authorities, UNICEF representative and Tunku Mahkota of Johor. Taking the concept of IHSAN (care and compassion) under Malaysia MADANI, this study is timely and appropriate. Therefore, this conceptual paper analyzes the concept of integrity and child maltreatment at child care centers in Malaysia
References
Abun, F. D., & Racoma, A. P. (2017). Organizational Integrity of Administrators of Divine Word Colleges in Region I, Philippines and Employees’ Job Satisfaction as Perceived by the Employees. Texila International Journal of Academic Research, 4(1), 1-18.
Abdullah, S. M. (2022, January 30). 217 Abuse Cases Recorded at Childcare Centres Nationwide LastYear. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/01/767417/217-abuse cases recordedchildcare-centres-nationwide-last-year
Administration for Children & Families. (February 9, 2023). New Child Maltreatment Report Finds Child Abuse and Neglect Decreased to a Five-Year Low. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/media/press/2023/new-child-maltreatment-report-finds-child-abuse-andneglect-decreased-five-year
Alam, M.M., Johari, R.J. & Said, J. (2018). An Empirical Assessment of Employee Integrity in the Public Sector of Malaysia. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 34(4), 458-471.
Amenta, E. & Ramsey, K. M. (2009). Institutional Theory. Handbook of Politics: State and Society in Global Perspective. Springer, 15-39.
Ariffin, L. (2021). Pusat jagaan autisme dera kanak-kanak akan diambil tindakan. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/10/872190/pusat-jagaan-autisme-dera-kanakkanak-akan-diambil-tindakan
Becker, T. E. (1998). Integrity in Organizations: Beyond Honesty and Conscientiousness. The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 154-161.
Betz, N. E. (2007). Career self-efficacy: Exemplary recent research and emerging directions. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(4), 403-422.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Hammondsworth: Penguin.
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., ... & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child abuse & neglect, 27(2), 169-190.
Carter, S. (1996), Integrity, Basic Books, New York, NY.
Child Act, No. 611, 2001 (2006). https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/65516/65279/E01MYS01.html
Child Care Centre Act1984 (Act 308). https://www.lawyerment.com/library/legislation/acts/1984/308/
Cohen, T. R., Kim, Y., Jordan, K. P., & Panter, A. T. (2016). Guilt-Proneness is a Marker of Integrity and Employment Suitability. 92. 109-112. 10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.026.
Conway, P., & Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and Utilitarian Inclinations in Moral Decision Making: A Process Dissociation App roach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(2), 216-225.
Cooper, D. J., Ezzamel, M., & Willmot, M. (2008). Examining ‘Institutionalization’: A Critical Theoretic Perspective. Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, SagePublications.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. In Sage Publication (4th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147–160.
Dubowitz, H. (2013). Neglect in children. Pediatric annals, 42(4), 72-76.
Easteal, P. (1998), Suppressing the Voices Of The Survivors: Sexual Exploitation By Health Practitioners. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 33: 211-229.
Economic Planning Unit (2021). Twelfth Malaysia Plan 2021 - 2025: A prosperous, Inclusive, Sustainable Malaysian. https://rmke12.epu.gov.my/en
Ehrhart, K. H. (2006). Job Characteristics Belief and Personality as Antecedents of Subjective Person Job-Fit. Journal of Business and Psychology, 21(2), 193-226.
Flynn-O’Brien, K. T., Rivara, F. P., Weiss, N. S., Lea, V. A., Marcelin, L. H., Vertefeuille, J., & Mercy, J. A. (2016). Prevalence of physical violence against children in Haiti: A national population-based cross-sectional survey. Child abuse & neglect, 51, 154-162.
Fong, F. (4 October, 2021). Child Abuse at Special Childcare Centre Sparks Outrage Among Netizens. The rakyat post. https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/04/child-abuse-by-childcarecentre-sparked-outrage-among-netizens/
Gewirtz-Meydan, A., & Opuda, E. (2023). The sexual fantasies of childhood sexual abuse survivors: a rapid review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 441-453.
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68-81.
Goetz, N., & Wald, A. (2022). Similar but different? The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and person-job fit on individual performance in the continuum between permanent and temporary organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 40, 251–261.
Green, M., & Piel, J. A. (2009). Theories of Human Development: A Comparative Approach (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315662466.
Hackman, J.R. & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat (2016). Dasar Perlindungan Kanak-Kanak Negara. Retrieved from https://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/left&id=TlFwUVczN0RLQ3VlRDFqRTFmVENuZz09 on 23 November 2022
Hamdan, N. (2023). Bella case: Siti Bainun gets 12 years’ jail for abusing Down Syndrome teen. Retrieved on https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/03/bella-case-siti-bainun-gets-12-years039-jailfor-abusing-down-syndrome-teen 49
Huberts, L.W.J.C. (2018). Integrity: What it is and Why it is Important. Public Integrity, 20(1), 18-32.
Heinrich, M. (2012). Bridging accountability obligations, professional values and (perceived) student needs with integrity. Journal of Educational Administration, 50(5), 695-726.
Idris, A. R. (2022). Kes penderaan kanak-kanak cecah 1,910 sejak setahun lalu. Retrieved from https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/2022/03/kes-penderaan-kanak-kanak-cecah-1910-sejak-setahunlalu/
Jayanti, N. P., & Syamsir. (2020). The influence of integrity on employee performance in Koto Tangah Subdistrict, Padang. Proceedings of the International Conference on Public Administration, Policy and Governance (ICPAPG 2019) https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200305.190
Kaliaperumal, W. (2005), Konvensyen Mengenai Hak Kanak-kanak. Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia (SUHAKAM). Ampang Press
Kavussanu, M., Stanger, N., & Ring, C. (2015). The effects of moral identity on moral emotion and antisocial behavior in sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(4), 268-279.
Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat. Pelan Strategik Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat (2021-2025).
Kim, S. G., Weissman, D. G., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2023). Child abuse and automatic emotion regulation in children and adolescents. Development and psychopathology, 35(1), 157-167.
Kumar, M. (2018). Babysitter Charged with Injuring Baby Adam Rayqal, Concealing Evidence of His Death. New Straits Times Online. https://www.nst.com.my/news/crimecourts/2018/07/390330/babysittercharged-injuring-baby-adam-rayqal-concealingevidence
Lawrence, T. B., & Shadnam, M. (2008). Institutional Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. First Edition. Edited by Wolfgang Donsbach. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Leeb, R. T., Paulozzi, L., Melanson, C., Simon, T., & Arias I. (2007). Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
Malinosky-Rummell, R., & Hansen, D. J. (1993). Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological bulletin, 114(1), 68.
Maniglio R. (2009). The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 647–657.
Martin-Gagnon, G., Normandin, L., Fonagy, P., & Ensink, K. (2023). Adolescent mentalizing and childhood emotional abuse: implications for depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder features. Frontiers in Psychology, 14.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340–363.
Mohd, A., & Kadir, N. A. (2012). Protection of Children in Malaysia through Foster Care Legislation and Policy. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(11): 113-118.
Moloi KC 2005. The school as a learning organisation: Reconceptualising school practices in South Africa (2nd ed). Pretoria, RSA: Van Schaik.
Moore SE, Scott JG, Ferrari AJ, Mills R, Dunne MP, Erskine HE, et al. Burden attributable to child maltreatment in Australia. Child Abuse Negl. 2015; 48:208–220.
Murray, J. (2023). How lockdown may have provided ‘cover’ for deadly child abuse in England. The Guardian.
Mustafa, S. (2022). 1055 kes penderaan kanak-kanak dalam enam bulan. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/09/997082/1055-kes-penderaan-kanak-kanakdalam-enam-bulan
Natasya, F. (2023). Alarming developments in child abuse. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-think/2023/01/05/alarming-developments-in-childabuse-farah-natasya/48561
Ness, S. (2023). A narrow focus in research on emotional abuse: A scoping review of definitions and descriptions on emotional abuse in research on child welfare and social work. Child & Family Social Work, 28(2), 572-588.
Newstrom, J.W. & Davis, K. (1993). Organizational behavior: Human behavior at work (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
New Straits Time (2018). Police: Hot tempers, uncontrollable emotions fuel child abuse among care providers. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/438618/police-hot-tempers-uncontrollableemotions-fuel-child-abuse-among-care
Nisan, M. (2005). 16 - Partiality and Identity—Psychological Research on Preferential Behavior Toward Group Members. Advances in Psychology, 137, 341-364.
O'reilly, C. A. (1977). Personality-Job Fit: Implications for Individual Attitudes and Performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 18, 36-46.
Ova. (July 3, 2023). 18,750 Cases of Child Abuse, 13,529 Cases of Domestic Violence in Malaysia from 2020 To 2022. Retrieved from https://ova.galencentre.org/18750-cases-of-child-abuse-13529-cases-ofdomestic-violence-in-malaysia-from-2020-to-2022/
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press and Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Rahmawati, I. M. H., & Rosyidah, I. (2021). Family Psychoeducation Therapy to Improve Family's Ability to Care for Victims of Sexual Abuse. NurseLine Journal, 6(2), 104-109.
Ramalingam, Ni., & Alavi, K. (2020). Penderaan Kanak-kanak di Taska: Cabaran Pekerja Sosial. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 4 (1), 1-9.
Roslan, A. (2019). Pengasuh didakwa dera kanak-kanak 3 tahun. Astro Awani. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/pengasuh-didakwa-dera-kanakkanak-3-tahun-47391
Riet, E. V. D. (2023). Parents charged in child abuse case that left boy dead, girl ‘skin and bones,’ police say. Feb. 16, 2023. KKTV https://www.kktv.com/2023/02/15/graphic-parents-charged-child-abuse-casethat-left-boy-dead-girl-skin-bones-police-say/
Salleh, N. M., Zaim, N. H., Rashed, Z. N., Abd. Rahman, K. A. (2018). International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 5, 17-24. 51
Sani, M. K. J. A., Endin, M. Z., Masrek, M. N., Shid, N. Z., Baba, J., & Kamis, Y. (2016). Integrity and Job Performance: The Experiences of Public Library Leaders. Journal of Southeast Asian Research, 1-15.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. In Pearson Education Limited (Vol. 5th). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Scott, W.R. (1995/2001). Institutions and Organizations. Ideas, Interest and Identities. SagePublications. Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis (1st edition). SAGE.
Simons, T., Leroy, H., & Nishii, L. (2022). Revisiting Behavioral Integrity: Progress and New Directions After 20 Years. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 9: 365-389
Solhi, F., & Nizam, F. (May 3, 2023). Siti Bainun gets 22 years jail for abusing, neglecting Bella. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2023/05/905235/siti-bainun-gets-22-years-jailabusing-neglecting-bella
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2013). The neglect of child neglect: a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of neglect. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 48, 345-355.
Tangney J. P., Stuewig, J., Mashek, D., & Hastings, M. (2011) Assessing Jail Inmates' Proneness to Shame and Guilt: Feeling Bad About the Behavior or the Self? Crim Justice Behav. 38(7), 710-734. doi: 10.1177/0093854811405762. PMID: 21743757; PMCID: PMC3129990.
The Star, 18 May (2022). TMJ expresses concern over child abuse issues. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/05/18/tmjexpresses-concern-over-child-abuse-issues
The State of America’s Children. 2023. Child Welfare. https://www.childrensdefense.org/the-state-ofamericas-children/soac-2023-child-welfare/
Van Dorn, R., Volavka, J., & Johnson, N. (2012). Mental disorder and violence: is there a relationship beyond substance use? Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47, 487-503.
Votruba-Drzal E, Coley RL, Maldonado-Carreño C, Li-Grining CP, Chase-Lansdale PL. Child care and the development of behavior problems among economically disadvantaged children in middle childhood. Child Dev. 2010 Sep-Oct;81(5):1460-74.
Wang, Y., Chen, X., Zhou, K., & Zhang, H. (2023). A meta-analysis of the effects of childhood maltreatment on elderly depression. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1593-1607.
Widom, C. S. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American journal of psychiatry, 156(8), 1223-1229.
Wood, J. N., Campbell, K. A., Anderst, J. D., Bachim, A. N., Berger, R. P., Hymel, K. P., ... & Lindberg, D. M. (2023). Child abuse pediatrics research network: the CAPNET Core Data Project. Academic pediatrics, 23(2), 402-409.
World Health Organization. (1999). Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March.
World Health Organization. (1999). Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva (No. WHO/HSC/PVI/99.1). World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. Report of the Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention. (1999). Available online at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/65900 (accessed February 19, 2023).
Wu, Y., Goodman, G. S., Goldfarb, D., Wang, Y., Vidales, D., Brown, L., ... & Qin, J. (2023). Memory accuracy after 20 years for interviews about child maltreatment. Child maltreatment, 28(1), 85-96.
Zack, J. (2021, Jun 11). Two childcare centre workers arrested over suspected child abuse cases. New Straits Times. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/06/11/two-childcare-centre-workersarrested-over-suspected-child-abuse-cases
Zeanah, C. H. & Hymphreys, K. L. (2019). Child Abuse dand Neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 637-6
Zhang, H., Li, J., Sun, B., & Wei, Q. (2023). Effects of childhood maltreatment on self-compassion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 873-885
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nur Rifhan A. Rahim, Nur Hanisah Mohamad Razali, Zarith Sofia Jasmi, Siti Noorhaslina Abd Halim, Nurfarhana Hassan, Nur Syafiqah A. Rahim

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
