The Social, Economic, and International Relations Impact of the 2023 Israel-Hamas War

Authors

  • Ruth Endam Mbah Department of Business Administration, McPherson College, KS, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-9196
  • Laura Hultquist Department of Criminal Justice, Bethany College, KS, USA
  • Beryl Ngum Fonkem Oral Roberts University, OK, USA
  • Emmanuel Fonjindam Mbah Catholic University of Central Africa (UCAC), Yaounde, Cameroon

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.112.16499

Keywords:

Israel-Hamas War, Social Contract, Thomas Hobbes, Israel-Palestine Tension, Gaza, Israel, Hamas, Arab-Israeli Conflict

Abstract

Hamas's attack on Israel on October 7th, 2023, is not the first of its type. The Israeli-Palestine tension can be traced back to 1947 following the UN Partition Plan that divided the British Mandate of Palestine into Jewish and Arab Nations. Following Britain’s withdrawal from the Peninsula, the Jewish leaders declared the State of Israel, sparking the first Arab-Israeli conflict and this tension has worsened over the years. We use Thomas Hobbes's Social Contract to explain the tension between both parties. According to Hobbes, man lives in a State of Nature which is characterized by war and the continuous fear of death. This fear of death is the reason why man enters into a contract (Social Contract). There have been diverse schools of thought as to the origin of the Israeli-Palestine tension. Some believe it is the 1947 UN Partition Plan, others believe it is the June 1967 war, while others believe it is religion. Regardless of the original cause, it is evident that both parties have retained severe casualties over the years. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to review the economic, social, and international relations consequences of the 2023 Israel-Hamas war. The current war has had several social consequences: refugee migrations, lack of basic survival necessities, withdrawal of medical aid groups, starving refugees, desolated cities, and allegations of rape and sexual torture. Economically, the war has led to the loss of income from economic activities, an increase in oil prices, reignited inflation, high-interest rates, increased government expenditures, and exchange rates. It has also impacted international relations among nations due to a split in support between Israel and Palestine. Nevertheless, there is an allowance for further study because this paper is limited only to the social, economic, and international relations impact of the war.

References

BBC. (2023, November 15). Israel Gaza War: History of the Conflict Explained. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-44124396

Berg, R. (2024, January 12). What is South Africa’s genocide case against Israel at the ICJ? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67922346

Center for Preventive Action. (2023, December 4). Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict

Daoud, Z., Altstein, G., & Sakthivel, B. (2023, October 13). Israel-Hamas’s war impact could tip global economy into recession. Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-12/israel-hamas-war-impactcould-tip-global-economy-into-recession

Dulaney, C. (2023, November 29). Stock Market News, Nov. 28, 2023: Indexes Finish Higher, Oil Rises. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-jones-11-28-2023/card/war-withhamas-to-cost-israeli-economy-53-billion-TrRFfWLk6V1mXfCUhHxq

Ebenstein, W., & Ebenstein, A. O. (2000). Great Political Thinkers: Plato to the Present. Harcourt College Publishers Egel, D. (2023, November 28). From the Ashes of Hamas-Israel War, can economics drive peace? RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2023/11/from-the-ashes-of-hamas-israel-war-can-economicsdrive.html

Ellyatt, H. (2023, November 8). Russia is Turning Increasingly Hostile Toward Israel as it Picks Sides in the Middle East. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/08/russia-turns-against-israel-by-taking-sides-in-the-warwith-hamas.html

Frankel, J. (2024, January 14). As Israel-Hamas War Reaches 100-Day Mark, Here’s the Conflict by Numbers. World News. https://apnews.com/article/war-gaza-israel-hamas-100-numbers-deathc4d6d42269c3cd6bf74d4e6fc612114e

Fontenrose, K. (2023, October 24). The Global Consequences of the Israel-Hamas War are Just Beginning. Here’s What to Watch. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/the-big-story/the-globalconsequences-of-the-israel-hamas-war-are-just-beginning-heres-what-to-watch/

Gauthier, D. (1977). The Social Contract as Ideology. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 6(2), 130–164.

Gera, G. (1992). Israel and the June 1967 War: 25 Years Later. Middle East Journal, 46(2), 229–243.

Haddad, Y. (1992). Islamists and the “Problem of Israel”: The 1967 Awakening. Middle East Journal, 46(2), 266–285. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/4328433

Hobbes, T. (2016). 4. Leviathan. In R. Blaug & J. Schwarzmantel (Ed.), Democracy: A Reader (pp. 37-42). New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/blau17412-008

The International Court of Justice. (2024, January 26). Application of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel). International Court of Justice. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-pre-01-00-en.pdf

Karsh, E., Glickman, G., & Inbar, E. (2017). The Six-Day War: The Inevitable Conflict. In Rethinking the Six-Day War (pp. 7–24). Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04753.3

Lederer, E. (2023, December 20). UN Security Council Again Delays Gaza Aid Resolution Vote as High-Level Talks Try to Avoid US Veto. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/un-resolution-gaza-humanitarian-vote-hostilitiesda661ff3fcb6481c1b763e77424ecf38

Leonard, M. (2023, November 3). The Global Consequences of the Israel-Hamas War. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/israel-hamas-war-global-implications-by-mark-leonard-2023-

Litvak, M. (1998). The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(1), 148–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263209808701214

Livni, E., & Gupta, G. (2023, November 20). What we know about the war between Israel and Hamas. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html

Mbah, R. E. (2021). Expanding the Theoretical Framework in Student Debt Research by Connecting Public Policy Theories to the Student Debt Literature. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(11), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.811.11196

Mbah, R. E., & Wasum, D. F. (2022). Russian-Ukraine 2022 War: A Review of the Economic Impact of Russian-Ukraine Crisis on the USA, UK, Canada, and Europe. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(3), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.93.12005

McGreal, C. (2023, November 16). What are the Roots of the Israel-Palestine Conflict? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/09/why-israel-palestine-conflict-history

Mendonca, D. (2024, January 8). WHO chief says key Gaza hospital “must remain functional” after medical providers withdraw. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-01-08-24/h_ef45b32cc9804fa85c3042961633bf19

Mills, A. (2023, December 1). How Qatar’s Assertive Diplomacy Won a Break in the Gaza War. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-qatar-swayed-israel-hamas-make-truce-work-2023-11-30/Minsberg, T. (2024, January 9). Oct. 7 assaults, including sexual violence, could be crimes against humanity, 2 U.N. experts say. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/08/world/middleeast/hamassexual-violence-un-israel.html?smid=url-share

Mostafa, M. G. (2018, May 31). Religion and the Israel-Palestinian Conflict: Cause, Consequence, and Cure. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/religion-and-israel-palestinianconflict-cause-consequence-and-cure

Netanyahu, B. (2023, December 23). Benjamin Netanyahu: Our Three Prerequisites for Peace. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/benjamin-netanyahu-our-three-prerequisites-for-peace-gaza-israelbff895bd

Perry, D. (2023, December 30). How the Israel-Hamas War in Gaza Could Go Global in 2024. New York Post. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/how-the-israel-hamas-war-in-gaza-could-go-global-in-2024/ar-AA1mePen

Rauhala, E., & Hendrix, S. (2024, January 26). U.N. court orders Israel to prevent civilian deaths in Gaza, but no cease-fire. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/26/israel-icj-rulingdecision-south-africa-gaza/

Ritchie, D. G. (1891). Contributions to the History of the Social Contract Theory. Political Science Quarterly, 6(4), 656–676. https://doi.org/10.2307/2139203

Rosenzweig-Ziff, D. (2023, October 10). Here’s How World Leaders are Reacting to the Israel-Gaza War. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-war-global-reaction/Roth, R. (2024, January 8). UN experts say alleged sexual torture by Hamas on October 7 may amount to crimes against humanity. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-01-08-24/h_e4f51d26b6136278089fb5fd4f8f713b

Samuel, M. T. (2023). The Israel-Hamas War: Historical Context and International Law. Middle East Policy, 30(4), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12723

Sands, L., & Suliman, A. (2023). Why are Israel and Hamas at War? A Basic Explainer. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-reason-explained-gaza/

Simon, S., & Stevenson, J. (2003). Confronting Hamas. The National Interest, (74), 59-68.

Smith, E. (2023, November 7). Goldman Sachs says the Israel-Hamas war could have major implications for Europe’s economy. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/03/goldman-says-israel-hamas-war-could-majorlyimpact-europes-economy.html

Spiegel, P. (2023, October 20). The Humanitarian Health Effects of the Israel-Hamas War Among Civilians in Gaza. Johns Hopkins University. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/the-humanitarian-health-effects-of-the-israelhamas-war-among-civilians-in-gaza

Times Now. (2023, December 25). 2023: Israel-Hamas War Timeline, Year Ends with Over 20,000 Deaths. Times Now. https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/2023-israel-hamas-war-timeline-year-ends-with-over-20000-deaths/ar-AA1lZRwo URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.112.16499 235

UN News. (2023, November 15). Israel-Palestine crisis: Security Council Calls for Urgent, Extended Humanitarian Pauses in Gaza. UN News: Global Perspective Human Stories. https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143632 United States Department of State. (n.d.). The Arab-Israeli War of 1948. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, U.S. Department of State. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war

Wall Street Journal. (2024, January 29). USD to ILS | Israeli Shekel Advanced Charting. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/fx/USDILS/advanced-chart

Ward, I. (1993). Thomas Hobbes and the Nature of Contract. Studia Leibnitiana, 25(1), 90–110.

Wiseman, P. (2023, December 22). High Rates, War, Inflation Will Slow World Economy in 2024. The Courier. https://wcfcourier.com/exclusive/businessmonthly/high-rates-war-inflation-will-slow-world-economy-in-2024/article_fbf5348a-9056-11ee-86e5-374604700294.html

Wrobel, S. (2023, November 21). War with Hamas cost NIS 1b a day, hitting economy harder than previous conflicts. The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/war-with-hamas-to-cost-nis-1b-a-day-hiteconomy-harder-than-previous-conflicts/Ziady, H. (2023, October 25). IMF says Israel-Hamas’s war likely to hit neighboring economies. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/25/economy/economic-impact-israel-hamas-war/index.html

Zuhur, S. (2008, December). Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-based Politics. Strategic Studies Institute. https://man.fas.org/eprint/zuhur.pdf.

Downloads

Published

2024-02-20

How to Cite

Mbah, R. E., Hultquist, L., Fonkem, B. N., & Mbah, E. F. (2024). The Social, Economic, and International Relations Impact of the 2023 Israel-Hamas War. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 11(2), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.112.16499