Empowering Urban Educational Leadership: Exploring the Nexus of Educational Leadership, Teacher Compensation, and Socioeconomic Equity in an Urban School District in a Mid-Atlantic State in the United States of America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.111.16313Keywords:
Educational Leadership, Teacher Salary, Public School Performance, Social Economic Factors, Urban EducationAbstract
This study examined teacher leadership, the intricate interplay of culture, education, and the college board race gaps in SAT scores, and their collective impact on academic performance within the Baltimore City Public Schools. The study specifically explored the correlation between teacher salaries and academic achievement while considering persistent factors such as poverty, which consistently hindered academic success for predominantly Black and Brown students, as many seasoned teachers are exiting and too few are joining the profession. Ineffective leadership and inadequate teacher compensation, compounded by the challenges of poverty, were identified as major contributors to below-average academic performance in the urban public school system. Emphasizing teacher salaries, the research highlighted the linear relationship between salary increases and the growing issue of poverty among educators when adjusted for inflation. The meta-analysis conducted underscored the pivotal role played by effective leadership and quality education in enhancing student achievement and fostering socioeconomic growth. The study contended that educational and teacher leadership at the intersection of culture are imperative for adapting to 21st-century economic, technological, and societal transformations. The findings underscored the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities among educational leaders to improve academic outcomes in urban public schools. Achieving fair compensation, resource accessibility, and fostering professional growth are crucial for attracting and retaining excellent educators, thereby creating an ideal learning environment for all students. The research provided a comprehensive framework for evidence-based parameter estimations in computational modeling, providing informed strategies to address challenges in urban public-school systems.
References
Allegretto, Sylvia. (August 16, 2022). The teacher pay penalty has hit a new high - Trends in teacher wages and compensation through 2021. Retrieved from https://www.epi.org/publication/teacher-pay-penalty-2022/
Andrzejewski, Adam. (May, 2021). Baltimore City Public Schools Promoted Student With 0.13 GPA While Spending A $1.4 Billion Budget. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamandrzejewski/2021/03/30/ baltimore-city-public-schools-promoted-student-with-013-gpa-whilespending-a-14-billion-budget/?sh=491fc05263dc
Associated Press Nationwide. (Aug. 02, 2023). Burnout, low pay and politics are driving away teachers. Retrieved from https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2023/08/02/teachers-burnout-politics-low-payturnover
Bowie, Liz and Griffith, Kristen. (January 25, 2023). Maryland test scores: See how your school performed. Retrieved from https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/ education/k-12-schools/mcap-tests-pass-ratesbaltimore-city-co
Bowie, Liz. (May 25, 2021). Baltimore school system will not make students struggling during the pandemic repeat a grade in the fall. Retrieved from https://www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-ed-gradeadjustments-city-schools-20210525-4zmofx6uvrcjhcax7bv4bp2q3y-story.html
Brookings. (2023) https://www.brookings.edu/research/race-gaps-in-sat-scores-highlight-inequality-andhinder-upward-mobility/#
Brown, B., & Jacobsen, M. (2016). Principals’ Technology Leadership: How a Conceptual Framework Shaped a Mixed Methods Study. Journal of School Leadership, 26(5), 811–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461602600504
Brown, Michael. (November, 2022). States with the Highest and Lowest SAT Scores in 2022. https://www.learner.com/blog/states-with-highest-sat-scores#:
Carroll, D., Parasnis, J., and Tani, M. (2018). Teaching, Gender and Labour Market Incentives. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrievedf from https://docs.iza.org/dp12027.pdf
Chalawila, Israel & Muchanga, Manoah. (2022). Challenges Experienced by Postgraduate Candidates in the Application of Conceptual Frameworks in Scientific Research. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. 10. 2321-3418. 10.18535/ijsrm/v10i2.el02. 149
Chen, Grace. (August 05, 2022). Is Social Promotion Crippling Our Children's Future? The Debate. Retrieved from https://www.publicschoolreview.com/blog/is-social-promotion-crippling-our-childrens-future-thedebate.
Cheng, Allen. (October 16, 2022). PrepScholar. Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent). https://prepscholar.com/average-sat-scores-by-state-most-recent
Children’s Defense Fund. (2007). America’s Cradle to Prison Pipeline - A Report of the Children’s Defense Fund. Retrieved from https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cradle-prisonpipeline-report-2007-full-lowres.pdf
Choudhury, Mohammed. (2022). Maryland’s Teacher Workforce: Supply, Demand, and Diversity.
CollegeEvaluator. (2022). 2022 Maryland Colleges Test Scores Comparison. https:/CollegeEvaluator/www.collegeevaluator.com/state/maryland/sat-act-scores
COLLEGE BOARD (September 28, 2022). SAT Program Results Show Increased Participation for the Class of 2022. https://newsroom.collegeboard.org/sat-program-results-show-increased-participation-class-2022
College Board (2022-A). SAT Suite of Assessments. Retrieved from https://reports.collegeboard.org/satsuite-program-results
Creamer, John., Shrider, Emily A., Burns, Kalee., and Chen, Frances. (September 13, 2022). Poverty in the United States: 2021. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.html Frances Report Number P60-277
Farrow, R., Iniesto, F., Weller, M., Pitt., R., Algers, A., Baas, M., Bozkurt, A., Cox, G., Czerwonogora, A., Elias, T., Essmiller, K., Funk, J., Lambert, S., Mittelmeier, J., Nagashima, T., Rabin, E., Rets, I., Spica, E.,
Filenius, Jodie. (August, 2019). The Relationship Between Education and Poverty. Retrieved from https://borgenproject.org/the-relationship-between-education-and-poverty/#:~:text=If%20everyo
Foster, W. (1986). Paradigms and promises: New Approaches to Educational Administration. Buffalo, N.Y: Prometheus Books.
Frost, Mikenzie. (2022). Taxpayer sues Baltimore City Schools over education system, Claims misuse of funds. Retrieved from https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/taxpayer-sues- baltimore-city- schools-overeducation-system-claims-misuse-of-funds
García, E., and Weiss, E. (March 26, 2019). The teacher shortage is real, large and growing, and worse than we thought. Retrieved from https://www.epi.org/publication/ -the-teacher-shortage-is-real-large-andgrowing-and-worse-than-we-thought-the-first-report-in-the-perfect-storm-in-the-teacher-labor-marketseries/
Gray, L., & Taie, S. (2015). Public school teacher attrition and mobility in the first five years: Results from the first through fifth waves of the 2007–08 beginning teacher longitudinal study Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED556348
Ortiz, Betty Paugh. (2022). Applying the ACT Holistic Framework to College and Career Readiness: From Research to Action. Retrieved from https://www.act.org/content/act/en/college-and-lcareerreadiness/holistic- framework.htm
Graham, Sandra and Chen, Xiaochen. (2020). Attribution Theories. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.892 Anucha, H. (2024). Empowering Urban Educational Leadership: Exploring the Nexus of Educational Leadership, Teacher Compensation, and
Greenberg, E. (2018). New Measures of Student Poverty, Replacing Free and Reduced-Price Lunch Status Based on Household Forms with Direct Certification. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/sites/default/ files/publication/99325/new_measures_of_student_poverty_ 1.pdf
Greenberg, E., Blagg, K., & Rainer, M. (2019). Measuring Student Poverty: Developing Accurate Counts for School Funding, Accountability, and Research. Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/research/publication/measuring-student-poverty/view/full_report.
Hinkley, S., and McCorkell, L. (September 9, 2019). Retaining Teachers of Color to Improve Student Outcomes. Retrieved from https://irle.berkeley.edu/publications/irle-policy-brief/retaining-teachers-ofcolor-to-improve-student-outcomes/.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (7 September 2017). Report on Poverty and Human Rights in the Americas. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/-poverty-humanrights2017.pdf
Jacoby-Senghor, Drew S., Stacey Sinclair, and J. Nicole Shelton. (2016). “A Lesson in Bias: The Relationship between Implicit Racial Bias and Performance in Pedagogical Contexts.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 63 (March): 50–55.
Jargowsky, P. (August 9, 2015). The architecture of segregation. Civil unrest, the concentration of poverty, and public policy. Issue Brief. The Century Foundation. Retrieved from https://productiontcf.imgix.net/app/uploads/2015/08/07182514 -/Jargowsky_ArchitectureofSegregation-11.pdf
Kolmar, Chris. (Apr. 17, 2023). Teacher Salary by State: Highest-Paid Teachers by State [2023]. Retrieved from https://www.zippia.com/advice/teacher-salary-by-state/
Latutors. (2022). SAT Format and Test Dates. Retrieved from https://www.latutors123.com/tutoringresources/sat/format-dates/
LeBoeuf, S., and Belson, D. (Jun 14, 2023). As Baltimore City teachers call for salary increases, new study finds they are overworked at ‘unsustainable’ levels. Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-md-city-schools-teacher-retention-report-20230614-zjd2ad7eszfynjh3fmqy5ubsnm-story.html
Lieberman, Mark. (August 18, 2023). Staff Shortages in Schools Are Here to Stay. Here’s Why. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/leadership/staff-shortages-inschools-are-here-to-stay-heres-why/2023/08
Loeb, J. Myung. (2020). Chapter 29 - Economic approaches to teacher recruitment and retention, Editor(s): Steve Bradley, Colin Green, The Economics of Education (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2020, pages 403-414, ISBN 9780128153918, https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/ - 9780128153918/the-economics-ofeducation#book-description-
MacGillis, Alec. (2023). Can America’s Students Recover What They Lost During the Pandemic? Retrieved from https://www.propublica.org/ article/pandemic-covid-education-test-scores-schools-students
Marder, Scott. (2022). Civil Rights Lawyer Ben Crump Joins Lawsuit Against Baltimore City Public Schools. Retrieved from https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2022/07/06/civil-rights-lawyer-ben-crump-joins-lawsuitagainst-baltimore-city-public-schools/
Merod, Anna. (2021). Report: Create culturally affirming schools to address Black teacher turnover and retention. Retrieved from https://www.k12dive.com/news/report-create-culturally-affirming-schools-toaddress-black-teacher-turnov/608731/
Maryland State Department of Education. (July 26, 2022a). Maryland’s Teacher Workforce: Supply, Demand, and Diversity.
Maryland State Department of Education. (2022). Blueprint for Maryland's Future. Retrieved from https://marylandpublicschools.org/Blueprint/Pages/Overview.aspx
Maryland State Department of Education. (2022b). Baltimore City 2018 - 2019 School Report Card. Retrieved From https://reportcard.msde.maryland.gov/Graphs- Graphs/#/ReportCards/ReportCardSchool /1/E/1/30/XXXX/2019
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (July 1996; 2023). Urban Schools: The Challenge of Location and Poverty. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs/web/96184.
National Education Association. (2023). NEA Rankings of the States 2022 and Estimates of School Statistics 2023 NEA Research April 2023. B-6. Average Salaries of Public-School Teachers. NEA, Washington D.C.
National Education Association. (2023a). The State of Educator Pay in America. Retrieved from https://www.nea.org/resource-library/educator-pay-and-student-spending-how-does-your-state-rank
National Education Association. (2022). Research & Publications - Average Teacher Salary. Retrieved from https://www.nea.org/research-publications
National Education Association. (2022a). Understanding Collective Bargaining. Retrieved from https://www.nea.org/your-rights-workplace/union-educator-voice/collective-bargaining
Nevarez, C., Jouganatos, S.M., and Wood, J.K. (2019). Benefits of Teacher Diversity: Leading for Transformative Change. Journal of School Administration Research and Development, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2019), pp. 24-34
Nwoko, J.C., Emeto, T.I., Malau-Aduli, A.E.O., Malau-Aduli, B.S. (2023). A Systematic Review of the Factors That Influence Teachers' Occupational Wellbeing. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jun 6;20(12):6070. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20126070. PMID: 37372657; PMCID: PMC10298565.
OECD. (2012), Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264130852-en
OECD. (2023). Equity in education: The foundation for a more resilient future. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/education/education-equity-dashboard/
Ortiz, Betty Paugh. (2022). Applying the ACT Holistic Framework to College and Career Readiness: From Research to Action. Retrieved from https://www.act.org/-content/act/en/college-and- l careerreadiness/holistic-framework.htm
Reeves, Richard, V. and Halikias, Dimitrios. (February 1, 2017). Race gaps in SAT scores highlight inequality and hinder upward mobility. https://www.brookings.edu/research/race-gaps-in-sat-scores-highlightinequality-and-hinder-upward-mobility/#
Shelton, Caitlyn. (Jan. 26, 2023). State-by-state teacher shortages (and what they’re doing about it). Retrieved from https://www.newsnationnow.com/us-news/education/education-reform/hold-how-eachstate-is-solving-its-teacher-shortage-and-could-you-become-a-teacher/
Shrider, E. A., Kollar, M., Chen, F., & Semega, J. (2021, September 14). U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-273, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2021/ demo/p60-273.pdf 152 Anucha, H. (2024). Empowering Urban Educational Leadership: Exploring the Nexus of Educational Leadership, Teacher Compensation, and
Sutcher, L., Darling-Hammond, L., & Carver-Thomas, D. (2019). Understanding teacher shortages: An analysis of teacher supply and demand in the United States. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 27, 35. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3696
Svinicki, Marilla D. (2010). A Guidebook on Conceptual Frameworks for Research in Engineering Education Rigorous Research in Engineering Education NSF DUE-0341127, DUE-0817461, 2010
USA Facts. (March 28, 2023). Teachers in the US face low pay relative to their level of education. Retrieved from https://usafacts.org/articles/teachers-in-the-us-face-low-pay-relative-to-their-level-of-education/
United States Census Bureau. (January 2023). National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023. Press Release Number CB23-SFS.003. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2023/ demo/p60-280/figure1.pdf
U.S. Department of Education. (2021). Education in a Pandemic: The Disparate Impacts of COVID-19 on America’s Students. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov › offices › list › ocr › docs
Walker, Tim. (April 26, 2022). Average Teacher Salary Lower Today Than Ten Years Ago, NEA Report Finds https://www.nea.org/advocating-for-change/new-from-nea/average-teacher-salary-lower-today-tenyears-ago-nea-report-finds
Will, Madeline. (April 26, 2022). Teacher Salaries Aren’t Keeping Up with Inflation. See How Your State Compares. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/teacher-salaries-arent-keeping-upwith-inflation-see-how-your-state-comp.
Will, Madeline. (March 22, 2022a). Fewer People Are Getting Teacher Degrees. Prep Programs Sound the Alarm. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/fewer-people-are-getting-teacherdegrees-prep-programs-sound-the-alarm/2022/03
World Population Review. (2023). Most Dangerous Cities in the United States 2023. Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-city-rankings/most-dangerous-cities-in-the-us
Yarnell, L. M., & Bohrnstedt, G. W. (2018). Student-Teacher Racial Match and Its Association with Black Student Achievement: An Exploration Using Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling. American Educational Research Journal, 55(2), 287-324. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217734804
Zippia. (April 17, 2023). Teacher Salary by State: Highest-Paid Teachers by State [2023]. Retrieved from https://www.zippia.com/advice/teacher-salary-by-state/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Hyacinth Anucha

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
