Public Opinion and Understanding of the Impact of Electric Vehicles: A UK Experience
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1010.15615Keywords:
Electric Vehicles, Carbon emissions, Affordability of EVs, environmental impactAbstract
The UK Government places pressure on the automotive industry to reduce carbon emissions by prioritising the manufacture of alternative fuel vehicles. Hence, electric vehicles (EVs) are a priority for the automotive industry given they emit minimal carbon emissions compared to petrol and diesel vehicles. Despite the continued improvement in the manufacture of EVs, issues regarding the viability and affordability of the vehicles influence the market for EVs. This paper explores opinions regarding (i) the viability and environmental impact of EVs as a replacement for petrol/diesel vehicles; (ii) the affordability of EVs; and (iii) knowledge and familiarity of the use of EVs. 130 respondents to a questionnaire, along with interviews with participants within the automotive industry inlcuding an owner of an EV, generally supported literature on the study of EVs. Findings of this research identified that views relating to the viability of EVs focussed on range anxiety, charging speeds and battery life. Views relating to the affordability of EVs are influenced by the initial purchase price of the vehicle, along with costs associated with the battery and charging point. Finally, it is clear that consumers with greater knowledge about EV technologies are more likely to embrace EVs.
References
Acharya, A.S., Prakash, A., Saxena, P. & Nigam, A., (2013). ‘Sampling: Why and how of it.’ Indian Journal of Medical Specialties, Vol 4 (2), pp 330-333, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anita-Acharya-2/publication/256446902_Sampling_Why_and_How_of_it_Anita_S_Acharya_Anupam_Prakash_Pikee_Saxena_Aruna_Nigam/links/0c960527c82d449788000000/Sampling-Why-and-How-of-it-Anita-S-Acharya-Anupam-Prakash-Pikee-Saxena-Aruna-Nigam.pdf
Acharya, B., (2010). ‘Questionnaire design.’ Central Department of Population Studies. pp. 1-15, Available at: http://www.saciwaters.org/CB/IFRM/IFRM/IV.%20Literature/Module%206_Qualitative%20Research%20Methods/6.4%20Questionnaire%20Design_Acharya%20Bidhan.pdf
Anderson K, Bows A & Mander S (2008), From long-term targets to cumulative emissions pathways: reframing UK climate policy, Energy Policy, Vol 36, pp 3714–22
Apadula, F., Cassardo, C., Ferrarese, S., Heltai, & D., Lania, A., (2019), Thirty Years of Atmospheric CO2 Observations at the Plateau Rosa Station, Italy, Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/7/418/htm
Asadi, S., Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Abdullah, R., Mahmoud, M., Alkinani, M. H., & Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2021). Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, nd
Babbie, E., (1990). Survey Research Methods, 2 edn. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company
Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. & Schindler, P., (2014), EBOOK: Business Research Methods. McGraw Hill
Bunce, L., Harris, M, & Burgess, M. (2014), Charge up then charge out? Drivers’ perceptions and experiences of electric vehicles in the UK. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. Vol 59, pp 278-287
Burlea, A.S. & Popa, I., (2013). ‘Legitimacy theory.’Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility, Vol 21, pp 1579-1584. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adriana-Burlea-Schiopoiu/publication/303928907_Legitimacy_Theory/links/585bef9e08ae329d61f2e0b6/Legitimacy-Theory.pdf
Clean Energy Canada, (2022), Poll: Almost 80% of Canadians open to owning an electric vehicle, available at https://cleanenergycanada.org/
Creswell, J.W., (1999), Mixed-method research: Introduction and application, Handbook of educational policy. pp. 455-472. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012174698850045X Crown 2008, Climate Change Act 2008 (UK: The Stationary Office Limited) chapter 27, available at http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/pdf/ ukpga 20080027 en.pdf
Cui, L., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Wen, W., & Han, M. S., (2021), Predicting determinants of consumers’ purchase motivation for electric vehicles: An application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model, Energy Policy, 151
Deegan, C., (2009), Financial accounting theory, McGraw Hill, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
Deegan, C., Craig, M., & Unerman, J., (2011), ‘Financial Accounting Theory from 1960’, London: McGraw-Hill.
Department of Energy, (2014), The History of the Electric Car. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-electric-car 272
Dimitropoulos, A., Rietveld, P., & van Ommeren, J. N., (2013), Consumer valuation of changes in driving range: A meta-analysis, Transportation Research Part A, Vol 55, pp 27-45
Dö rnyei, Z., (2007), Research methods in applied linguistics, New York: Oxford University Press.
Electrical Vehicle Council, (2021), Consumer Attitudes Survey 2021 – Australia (in partnership with carsales) available at https://electricvehiclecouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021-EVC-carsales-Consumer-attitudes-survey-web.pdf
Etikan, I., Musa, S.A. & Alkassim, R.S., (2016), Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling, American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, Vol 5 (1), pp.1-4
Fernando, S. & Lawrence, S., (2014), A theoretical framework for CSR practices: Integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory, Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, Vol 10 (1), pp.149-178.
Flick, U., (1998), An introduction to qualitative research: Theory, method and applications, London: Sage
Foley, A., M., Winning, I., J., & Gallachóir, B., P., O., O., (2010), State-of-the-art in electric vehicle charging infrastructure, 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. pp. 1-6 Available at:
Franke, T., & Krems, J. F., (2013), Interacting with limited mobility resources: Psychological range levels in electric vehicle use, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol 48, pp 109–122.
Franke, T., Neumann, I., Bühler, F., Cocron, P., & Krems, J. F., (2012), Experiencing range in an electric vehicle: Understanding psychological barriers., Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol 61, pp 368–391
Freeman, R.E., Phillips, R.A., (2002), ‘Stakeholder theory: A libertarian defense.’ Business ethics quarterly, Vol 12 (3), pp. 331-349
Gómez Vilchez, J. J., Smyth, A., Kelleher, L., Lu, H., Rohr, C., Harrison, G., & Thiel, C., (2019), Electric Car Purchase Price as a Factor Determining Consumers’ Choice and their Views on Incentives in Europe, Sustainability, Vol 11,
Gomez Vilchez, J.J., Smyth, A., Kelleher, L., Lu, H., Rohr, C., Harrison, G. & Thiel, C., (2019). ‘Electric car purchase price as a factor determining consumers’ choice and their views on incentives in Europe.’ Sustainability, Vol 11 (22), pp. 1-14.
GOV.SCOT, (2021), Reaching net zero. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/news/reaching-net-zero-1/
GOV.UK, (2018), Reformed Plug-In Car Grant extended into next decade [Press Release]. 11 October. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/reformed-plug-in-car-grant-extended-into-next-decade
GOV.UK, (2019), Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-strategy
GOV.UK, (2019), UK becomes first major economy to pass net zero emissions law. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-becomes-first-major-economy-to-pass-net-zero-emissions-law
GOV.UK, (2020), Government takes historic step towards net-zero with end of sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-takes-historic-step-towards-net-zerowith-end-of-sale-of-new-petrol-and-diesel-cars-by-2030
GOV.UK, (2020), Update on plug-in vehicle grants following today’s budget [Press Release]. 11 March. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/plug-in-vehicle-grants-update-following-todays-budget
GOV.UK, (2021), Government funding targeted at more affordable zero-emission vehicles as market charges ahead in shift towards an electric future [Press Release], 15 December. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-funding-targeted-at-more-affordable-zero-emissionvehicles-as-market-charges-ahead-in-shift-towards-an-electric-futurerd
Gray, D.E. (2021). Doing research in the real world, Theoretical Perspectives and Research Methodologies. 3 edn. pp.16-38.
Guarnieri, M., (2012), Looking back to electric cars, 2012 Third IEEE History of Electro-technology Conference. pp. 1-6. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6487583
Guarnieri, M., (2020), ‘Electric Tramways of the 19th Century.’ IEEE Industrial Electronics, Vol 14 (1), pp.71-77. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9044678
Gyimesi, K. & Viswanathan R., (2011), The shift to electric vehicles: putting consumers in the driver’s seat, in Jin,
L., & Slowik, P., (2017), Literature review of electric vehicle consumer awareness and outreach activities, International Council on Clean Transportation, Working Paper 2017-03.
Hackbarth, A., & Madlener, R., (2013), Consumer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles: A discrete choice analysis, Transportation Research Part D, Vol 25, pp 5-17
HM Government, (2020), Transitioning to zero emission cars and vans: 2035 delivery plan, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005301/transitioning-to-zero-emission-cars-vans-2035-delivery-plan.pdf
Ibarra, D., Ramírez-Mendoza, R. López, E., (2017), Noise emission from alternative fuel vehicles: Study case, Applied Acoustics, Vol 118, pp. 58-65.
Jackson, J., (2022), Electric Car Charge Point Cost 2022. Available at: https://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/electricvehicles/charging-point-installation-cost
Jin, L., & Slowik, P., (2017), Literature review of electric vehicle consumer awareness and outreach activities, International Council on Clean Transportation, Working Paper 2017-03
Kannstatter, T. & Meerschiff, S., (2015), Launching an E-Carsharing system in the polycentric area of Ruhr. E-
Mobility in Europe, in Jin, L., & Slowik, P., (2017), Literature review of electric vehicle consumer awareness and outreach activities, International Council on Clean Transportation, Working Paper 2017-03
Knupfer, S.M., Hensley, R., Hertzke, P., Schaufuss, P., Laverty, N. & Kramer, N., (2017), Electrifying insights: How automakers can drive electrified vehicle sales and profitability, McKinsey & Company
Krause, R.M., Carley, S.R., Lane, B.W., Graham, J.D., (2013), Perception and reality: Public knowledge of plug-in electric vehicles in 21 U.S. cities, Energy Policy, Vol 63, pp 433–440
Kurani, K., Caparello, N., & TyreeHageman, J., (2016), New car buyers’ valuation of zero-emission vehicles: California, Retrieved from https://www.arb.ca.gov/ research/single-project.php?row_id=65166
Lam, A.Y.S., Leung, Y., Chu, X., (2014), Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement: Formulation, Complexity, and Solutions, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(6), pp. 1949 – 3053. Available at:
Lebeau, K., Lebeau, P., Macharis, C. & Van Mierlo, J., (2013), How expensive are electric vehicles? A total cost of ownership analysis, 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27) pp. 1-12. Available at:
Lévay, P.Z., Drossinos, Y. & Thiel, C., (2017), The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: A pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership, Energy Policy, Vol 105, pp.524-533.
Lexus, (2022), Electric Cars, Available at: https://www.lexus.co.uk/electriccars/?gclsrc=aw.ds&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI97Kj44Kv9gIVlYBQBh0B3ALqEAAYAiAAEgL5APD_BwE&lexReferrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com#introduction
Long, Axsen, & Kormos, (2019), Consumers continue to be confused about electric vehicles: comparing awareness among Canadian new car buyers in 2013 and 2017, Environment Research Letters, 14, 114036;
Longhurst, R., (2003), Semi-structured interviews and focus groups, Key methods in geography, Vol 3 (2), pp.143-
Marinov, M., (2019), Barriers affecting the growth strategy for electric vehicles, Centre. For economic growth strategy discussion paper, 1, pp. 1-13. Available at: http://www.cseg.ynu.ac.jp/doc/dp/2018-CEGS-01.pdf
Mathilde, C., (2022), Gasoline-powered vehicles in the United States, Statista, Available: https://www.statista.com/topics/4580/gasoline-powered-vehicles-in-the-united-states/#dossierKeyfigures
Maximillian, J., Brusseau, M.L., Glenn, E.P. & Matthias, A.D., (2019), Pollution and environmental perturbations in the global system, Environmental and pollution science, pp. 457-476, Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128147191000252
Melnikovas, A., (2018), Towards an explicit research methodology: Adapting research onion model for futures studies.’ Journal of Futures Studies, Vol 23 (2), pp.29-44. Available at: http://journals.mountaintopuniversity.edu.ng/Research%20Methodology/03-Melnikovas-Onion-Research-Model.pdf
Morton, C., Anable, J. L., & John D. Nelson, J. D., (2016), Exploring consumer preferences towards electric vehicles: The influence of consumer innovativeness, Research in Transportation Business & Management, Vol 18, pp 18–28.
Moser, C.A., (1952), Quota sampling, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), Vol 115 (3), pp. 411-423. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2980740?seq=1
Mwasilu, F., Justo, J.J., Kim, E.K., Do, T.D. & Jung, J.W. (2014), Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: a review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 34, pp. 501-516.
Nissan, (2020), A decade of innovation – the LEAF’s incredible journey [Press Release]. December 4, Available at: https://global.nissanstories.com/en/releases/nissan-leaf-10years
Novuna Vehicle Solutions, (2022), Types of Alternative Fuels, Available: https://www.novunavehiclesolutions.co.uk/news-and-insights/hydrogen-and-gas/types-of-alternative-fuels/
Paiva, I.S., Carvalho, L.C., (2020), Conceptual and Theoretical Approaches to Corporate Social Responsibility, st Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Financial Performance. 1 edn. IGI Global
Parker, C., Scott, S. & Geddes, A., (2019). Snowball sampling, SAGE research methods foundations. pp.1-13. Available at: https://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6781/
Patel, M., Patel, N., (2019), Exploring Research Methodology, International Journal of Research & Review, Vol 6 (3), pp. 48-55, Available at: https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.6_Issue.3_March2019/Abstract_IJRR0011.html
Pod Point, (2022), How Long Does It Take to Charge an Electric Car? Available: https://podpoint.com/guides/driver/how-long-to-charge-an-electric-car
Rauh, N., Franke, T. & Krems, J.F., (2015), Understanding the impact of electric vehicle driving experience on range anxiety, Human factors, Vol 57 (1), pp.177-187.
Reiner, R. & Haas, H., (2015), Stuttgart Region—From E-Mobility Pilot Projects to Showcase Region, Vol 203, pp 179-186.
Richter, F., (2021), Chart: Which countries have the most electric cars? Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/02/electric-vehicles-europe-percentage-sales/
Robinson, O.C., (2014), Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide, Qualitative research in psychology, Vol 11 (1), pp.25-41.
Saele, H., Petersen, I., (2018), Electric vehicles in Norway and the potential for demand response, 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), available at https://sintef.brage.unit.no/sintefxmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2590933/S%25C3%25A6le2018evi.pdf?sequence=2
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A., (2007), Research methods for Business Students. 8th edition. Pearson Education Limited, England.
Schermerhorn, J. R., (2002), Management, 7th edn, New York: Wiley
Schulz, F. & Rode, J. (2022), Public charging infrastructure and electric vehicles in Norway, Energy Policy, Vol 160, pp.1-12.
Secinaro, S., Calandra, D., Lanzalonga, F., & Ferraris, A., (2022), Electric vehicles’ consumer behaviours: Mapping the field and providing a research agenda, Journal of Business Research, Vol 150, pp 399–416
Simpson, A., (2006), Cost-benefit analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle technology, National Renewable Energy Lab. pp. 1-12. Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40485.pdf
Singh, V., Singh, V. & Vaibhav, S., (2020), A review and simple meta-analysis of factors influencing adoption of electric vehicles, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 86, pp. 102436.
Sivewright, B., (2021), Consumer survey 2021 - Electric vehicles, Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Authority (Ofgem), United Kingdom;
Skippon, S.& Garwood, M., (2011), Responses to battery electric vehicles: UK consumer attitudes and attributions of symbolic meaning following direct experience to reduce psychological distance, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol 16 (7), pp. 525-531. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920911000654
Soulopoulos, N., (2017), When will electric vehicles be cheaper than conventional vehicles? Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Vol 12 (April), pp 1-13.
Speirs, J., Contestabile, M., Houari, Y. & Gross, R., (2014), The future of lithium availability for electric vehicle batteries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol 35, pp.183-193.
Strohl, D., (2020,) Why it's so difficult to identify the inventor of the electric car. Available at: https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2020/02/03/why-its-so-difficult-to-identify-the-inventor-of-the-electriccar
Suchman, M.C., (1995), Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches, Academy of management review, Vol 20 (3), pp. 571-610.
Texas Almanac, (2021), History of Oil Discoveries in Texas, Available at: https://www.texasalmanac.com/articles/history-of-oil-discoveries-in-texas 276
Thomas, G, (2017), How to do your Research Project, Sage: A Guide for Students, 3, pp. 1-313, Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZqzDDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Thomas,+G.+(2017)+How+to+do+your+Research+Project.&ots=8Z32kaLouG&sig=KzF-lyv4zmCkXPThm28KhtdM60E#v=onepage&q=Thomas%2C%20G.%20(2017)%20How%20to%20do%20your%20Research%20Project.&f=false
United Nations, (1992), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, available at https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
Wang, S., Fan, J., Zhao, D., Yang, S., & Fu, Y., (2016), Predicting consumers’ intention to adopt hybrid electric vehicles: Using an extended version of the theory of planned behavior model, Transportation, Vol 43 (1), pp 123–
Webster, W.H. & Yao, N.P., (1980), September. Progress and forecast in electric vehicle batteries, 30th IEEE vehicular technology conference, 30, pp. 221-227. Available at:
Wilson, K. A., (2021), Worth the Watt: A Brief History of The Electric Car, 1830 to Present, Available at: https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g15378765/worth-the-watt-a-brief-history-of-the-electric-car-1830-to-present/
Wright, K.B., (2005), Researching Internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services, Journal of computermediated communication, Vol 10 (3), pp 1-12
WWF, (2021), Petroleum, Available at: https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/teacher_resources/webfieldtrips/climate_change/petroleum/
Yang, K. & Banamah, A., (2014), Quota sampling as an alternative to probability sampling? An experimental study, Sociological Research Online, Vol 19 (1), pp 56-66
Yousif, R. O., & Alsamydai, M. J., (2019), Perspective of technological acceptance model toward electric vehicles. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, Vol 9 (5), pp 873–884
Yuan, Q., Hao, W., Su, H., Bing, G., Gui, X., Safikhani, A., (2018), Investigation on Range Anxiety and Safety Buffer of Battery Electric Vehicle Drivers, Hindawi Journal of Advanced Transportation, pp. 1-11
Ziegler, D. & Abdelkafi, N., (2022), Business models for electric vehicles: Literature review and key insights, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol 330, pp 1-16
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Joshua Kennedy, Kieran James, Bonnie Hampson

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
