Reading Among Students: A Study Using a Modified Version of the Snowball Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.107.15027Keywords:
snowball sampling, sequential sampling, decision risks, network sampling, sequential survey, statistical risks and errors, cultural intelligenceAbstract
The reading crisis is a real phenomenon of the last few years, the fondness for reading is free falling, and the lack of interest is reflected in the increasingly poor results in the national evaluations of schoolchildren. In the long term, the effects of the lack of reading reflect on the quality of human resources, including the area of cultural intelligence. The Romanian authorities have initiated measures to stimulate reading, but the results are still modest. The research undertaken by us aimed at evaluating the duration of time allocated to reading by students of the 5th-8th grades from a college in Bucharest, for which purpose the snowball method was used after having applied our original development that allows the completion of the research under conditions of quantitative criteria and the evaluation of decision errors. The snowball procedure in its classic version not only has advantages but also numerous inconveniences, of which the most important is the ambiguity regarding the volume of the investigated sample, because the number of interviewees cannot be predetermined, since it is dependent on the researcher's decision to stop the investigation at a given moment or not. The solution proposed by the authors was to develop the sequential Wald test for the case of measurable characteristics, and the results obtained have a deeply original nature and can contribute to a great extent to the improvement of sociological research methods.
References
Alexander, K. L.2007. Lasting consequences of the summer learning gap. American Sociological Review,72(2),167-180. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000312240707200202
Alhabib,S.,&al.2009. Domestic Violence Against Women: Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies, Journal of Family Violence. 25, 369–382.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9298-4.
Barnard,G.1946. Seqvential tests in industrial statistics.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. S er.B,vol.8, No.1,pp.1–26,Published Wiley.https://www.jstor.org/stable/2983610
Berg, S. 1988. Snowball Sampling.IN: Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, v.8, ed. Kotz et.& N. Y.,Wiley,pp. 528–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471667196.ess2478.pub2
Boserup,B.& al.2020. Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.The American Journal of Emergency. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195322/
Browne,K.,2005. Snowball sampling: using social networks to research non‐heterosexual women. International Journal of Social Research Methodology ,vol.8, no.1, pp. 47-.60 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1364557032000081663
Burr, E.W.I.1976. Statistical Quality Control Methods. CRC Press,pp.387.https://tertulia.com/book/statisti%20% 20cal-quality-control-methods-irving-wburr/9780824763442
Clark, C. and Rumbold,K.2006. Reading for pleasure: A research overview. National Literacy Trust.November. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED496343.pdf
Collier,E.2019. Why is Reading so Important for Children?https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/why-is-reading-important-for-children/
Croitoru, C.(coord. & al.)2021. Tendințe ale Consumului Cultural în Pandemie , Barometrul de Consum Cultural,Institutul Național pentru Cercetare și Formare Culturală.https://www.culturadata.ro/tendinte-ale-consumului-cultural-in-pandemie-editia-ii/
Creel, S.2015. The impact of assigned reading on reading pleasure in Young Adults. Journal of Research on Libraries & Young Adults, no.5, 601-266-5704. http://www.yalsa.ala.org/jrlya/2015/02/the-impactof-assigned-reading-on-reading-pleasure-in-young-adults/
Cox, K. & Guthrie, J.2001. Motivational and cognitive contributions to students' amount of reading.Contemporary Educational Psychology, v.26, no.1, pp.116- 131. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1044.
CRED.2021. Curriculum relevant. Educație deschisă pentru toți. https://www.creatorideeducatie.ro/regulament_selectie/regulament_selectie_2021/
Danilet, C.2022. Lectura în România – două sărbători legale. JURIDICE.Ro, https://www.juridice.ro/770451/lectura-in-romania-doua-sarbatori-legale.html
Dennehy, R., & al. 2020.Young people's conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying:A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Aggression and Violent Behavior,Vol.51, March–April. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101379
D`Onise,K.& al.2007. The Importance of Numbers: Using Capture-recapture to make the Homeless Count in Adelaide.Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol.13,no.1, pp 89 – 96, https://www.publish.csiro.au/py/PY07012
Dragan, I.,Isaic-Maniu, A.2022. An Original Solution for Completing Research through Snowball Sampling-Handicapping Method. Advances in Applied Sociology,12. https://www.scirp.org/journal/aasoc
EDICT.2018. Zece minute de lectură zilnică. Revista Educației. https://edict.ro/zece-minute-de-lecturazilnica/
Fisher,A.R.1922. On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics.Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 27 April 2023.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1922.0009
Fisher, N.1994. Estimating numbers of homeless and homeless mentally ill people in North East Westminster by using capture-recapture analysis.BMJ Clinical Research, no.308,pp.27-30, https://www.researchgate.net/signup.SignUp.html,DOI: 10.1136/bmj.308.6920.27
Fullchange,A.&. Furlong,M.2016. An Exploration of Effects of Bullying Victimization From a Complete Mental Health Perspective, Journal Sagepub ,Collection: Social Psychology. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244015623593
Gambrell, L. B., &al.1996. Elementary students’ motivation to read.Reading Research Report No. 52. Athens, GA: University of Georgia.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED395279
Girshick.A.,M.1946.Contributions to the Theory of Sequential Analysis-I.Annals of Mathematical Statistics,vol. 17, No. 2 , pp: 123-143. Access to The Annals of MathematicalStatistic.https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.aoms/1177730976
Goodman L.A.1961. Snowball Sampling. Annals of Mathematical Statistics.v. 32,1,148-170. Institute of Mathematical Statistics.https://www.jstor.org/stable/2237615
González-Gómez,T.;Estrella G.2020. Disclosing the relational structure of institutional cross-border cooperation in two cross-border regions in Europe. Journal of Borderlands Studies.V.35. 113-129. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/08865655.2017.1399810?scroll=top.
Hymel, S. Swearer, S.2015.Four Decades of Research on School Bullying.American Psychologist. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp-a0038928.pdf
Hazarika.B.& al.2018. The Role of Service Recovery in Online Privacy Violation, IJEBR,14(4) , pp1-27, DOI: 10.4018/IJEBR.2018100101
IBBY-2012.International Board on Books for Young People. IBBY.https://www.ibby.org/
Johnson, N.L.1961. Sequential Analysis: A Survey.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General),vol. 124, No. 3 , pp. 372-411. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2343243
Johnson, D., & Blair, A.2003.The importance and use of student self-selected literature to reading engagement in an elementary reading curriculum. Reading Horizons,vol. 43,no.3, pp.182 -202.https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1155&context=reading_horizons.
Kaya,F.& al.2020. The Banking Industry Underestimates Costs of Cloud Migrations. IEEE- International Conference on Business Informatics.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9140248
Killick,E.& Griffiths,M. A.2022. Thematic Analysis of Sports Bettors’ Perceptions of Sports Betting Marketing Strategies in the UK. Int. J. Ment. Health Addiction. pp: 800–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00405-x
Kirsch,I.&al.2002. Reading for change:Performance and engagement across countries. Results PISA2000.https://www.oecd.org/education/school/programmeforinternationalstudentassessmentpisa/33690904.pdf
Legea nr. 21.2022.15.02. Ziua națională a lecturii. https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/250496
Legea nr. 81.2014. Ziua Cartii. PORTAL LEGISLATIV. https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/159294
Lecy,J.,Beatty,K.2012. Structured Literature Reviews Using Constrained Snowball Sampling and Citation Network Analysis, Jan.,SSRN Electronic Journal.DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1992601
Lucena,K.&al.2018. Gender and violence: contributions to the debate, J Hum Growth Dev. 28(2):109-112. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/rbcdh/v28n2/01.pdf
Mishna,F.2004. A Qualitative Study of Bullying from Multiple Perspectives.Children & Schools,Vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 234–247.https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/26.4.234
MEN.2018. Regulament nr. 24634/2018 privind organizarea olimpiadei de lectură. Lectura ca abilitate de viață-LAV. https://www.edu.ro/sites/default/files/fisiere%20articole/24630Regulament%20OLAV%202018.pdf
Menesini,E., Salmivalli,C.2017. Bullying in schools: the state of knowledge and effective interventions. Psychology, Health & Medicine, no.22,pp.240 -250.DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740
McCarthy, B.;Schurmann,A.2018. Risky business: growers’ perceptions of organic and biodynamic farming in the tropics. Rural Society. v.27, no.3.pag.177-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2018.1504734.
Miller, D. C.; & al.2009. Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G-8 Countries.National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2007006
Mohammed, R.,F.& Mourshed,M.2017. Urban environmental challenges in developing countries.A stakeholder perspective. Habitat International.v.64, pp.1-10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.002
Moore,W, & al.1999. Adolescent literacy: A position statement. International Reading Association.Newark,ERIC Number: ED437640, DE. 1999-00-00 19p. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED437640
Moore,E.S.& al.2017. Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence:A systematic review and meta-analysis,World Journal Psychiatry., vol.7,no.1: pp.60–76, https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60
Naderifar,M.& al.2017. Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Strides in Development of Medical Education Journal (SDME), 2017 September;vol.14,nr.3, Published online 2017 ,DOI: 10.5812/sdme.67670
Noveanu,G.2006. Ghid de lectura.EDP.https://www.ise.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/provoclectura2.pdf
OECD 2020. OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment Pisa2000,” OECD-Library”. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/pisa-in-focus
Pastore,F., Roman,E.2020. Migration policies and threat-based extraversion. Analysing the impact of European externalisation policies on African polities,Revue européenne des migrations internationales,Vol. 36, No. 1, pp 133 -152
Patton,U.D. & al.2017. A Systematic Review of Research Strategies Used in Qualitative Studies on School Bullying and Victimization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse (TVA), Vol.18,no.1,pp.:3-16, doi: 10.1177/1524838015588502
Pearson UK (2015). Help your child to enjoy reading, Pearson UK home. https://www.pearson.com/uk/learners/primary-parents/learn-at-home/help-your-child-to-enjoyreading
Peck, F., Mulvey, G.2018. Cross-border collaboration in economic development: Institutional change on the Anglo-Scottish Border. Journal of Borderlands Studies,vol. 33, no.1,pp. 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2016.1257365.
PIRLS 2022. Progress in International Reading Literacy Study PIRLS.https://www.iea.nl/studies/iea/pirls
PIRLS 2021. Encyclopedia: Education Policy and Curriculum in Reading.” Boston College, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center”. https://pirls2021.org/encyclopedia/.
PIRLS 2001. Findings from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) of 2001. International Comparisons in Fourth-Grade Reading Literacy.https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2003073
Pradani, A., 2021.The Importance of Reading to Expand Knowledge. Intitute of Technology SURABAYA.ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352020734_THE_IMPORTANCE_OF_READING_TO_EXPAND_KNOWLEDGE
Raed , A., and Monjur , M. 2017. Urban environmental challenges in developing countries-A stakeholder perspective.Habitat International .2017 , no.64 , pp.1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.002 .
Ruiz‐Pérez, I. 2007. Methodological issues in the study of violence against women,Journal Epidemiol Community Health.2007,vol.61,no.2,pp.26-31,doi:10.1136/jech.2007.059907. https://jech.bmj.com/content/61/Suppl_2/ii26
Sanacore, J. 2002. Struggling literacy learners benefit from lifetime literacy efforts. Reading Psychology. 23(2), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/027027102760351007
Snijders, A.,T.,1992.Estimation On the Basis of Snowball Samples: How To Weight?, Bulletin of Sociological Methodology,36,1, pp. 59-70.https://doi.org/10.1177/075910639203600104
SR ISO 8258+C1:1999. Fişe de control Shewhart.Colectii Standarde-ASRO . https://magazin.asro.ro/ro/standard/24268
Stevenson Cl., Wakefield, J. 2021. Collectively coping with coronavirus: Local community identification predicts giving support and lockdown adherence during the COVID-19pandemic, British Journal of Social Psychology.2021,10 may. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12457.
Stjepić, A.,& al.Exploring risks in the adoption of business intelligence in SMEs using the TOE framework. Journal of Risk and Financial Management.2021,vol.14,no.2 ,58. https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/14/2/58
TIMSS 2019. Encyclopedia:Education Policy and Curriculum in Mathematics and Science. IEATIMSS & PIRLS. https://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2019/encyclopedia/
Ttofi, M.&Farrington, D.2011. Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying:analytic revie w, J.E.C.7. pag.27-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1
Twist, L.,&al.2003. Reading all over the world. National Report for England. Slough: NFER. https://www.nfer.ac.uk/publications/91140/91140.pdf
Vandebosch,H.,Van Cleemput,K.,2008. Defining Cyberbullying: A Qualitative Research into the Perceptions of Youngsters, CyberPsychology & Behavior,Vol. 11,No.4,pp.499-503, https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042
Walton,G.2005.Bullying Widespread: A Critical Analysis of Research and Public Discourse on Bullying,Journal of School Violence.4/1,pp.91-118 ,https://doi.org/10.1300/J202v04n01_06
69. Wald, A. and Wolfowitz, J.1948.Optimum Character of the Sequential Probability Ratio Test. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 19, 326-339.http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730197
Wald, A.1947. Sequential analysis. Published by John Wiley, N.Y.https://www.abebooks.com/booksearch/title/sequential-analysis/author/abraham-wald/first-edition/
Wald,A.1951. On some systems of equations of matematica economics,Econometrica. Published By: The Econometric Society,Vol. 19, No. 4, Oct., pp. 368- 403. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907464
Wald,R.1972. Nonspherical Gravitational Collapse and Black Hole Uniqueness .Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 7229837. https://www.proquest.com/openview/4629c917695d14317cd39ed137a585a1/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Whitten C. & al.2016.The impact of Pleasure Reading on Academic Success.The Journal of Multidisciplinary Graduate Research, Vol.2, Article 4, pp. 48-64. https://www.shsu.edu/academics/education/journal-of-multidisciplinary-graduateresearch/documents/2016/WhittenJournalFinal.pdf
Zmyślony, P.;Kowalczyk-Anioł, J.2019. Urban tourism hypertrophy: who should deal with it? The case of Krakow (Poland), International Journal of Tourism Cities. vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 247-269. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-07-2018-0051.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Irina-Maria Dragan, Alexandru Isaic-Maniu, Ana-Maria Grigore

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
