What Influence Does the AI Strategy Have on Possible Outcomes of Chinese Foreign Policy and Economic Development?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.104.14416Keywords:
AI strategy, Digital Silk Road, geopolitics, economics, NGAIDPAbstract
This article examines the impact of China's AI strategy on the country's economic development, digitalisation and geopolitical relations in both a domestic and international context. The analysis shows that China's AI strategy, especially the Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan, promotes AI education and research, leading to an increase in AI-related scientific publications and success in international AI competitions. This development may lead to a further strengthening of China's position in the global power structure to an almost disruptive shift in geopolitical bloc relations. Digitisation through AI technologies is also showing significant impact on the country's economy. Increased productivity and efficiency in various industries, especially in the automotive and electronics sectors, is leading to increased creative destruction in this regard. While millions of new jobs are being created in the AI sector, up to twelve percent of jobs in Chinese industry can be replaced by automation. The introduction of AI technologies generates higher economic output and productivity in some regions, as exemplified by the Pearl River Delta. Here, the AI clusters play a decisive role in regional economic development. Through these developments, China will rely less on imports and expand its economic presence by exporting AI-based products and services to numerous countries and industries. The new trade opportunities burgeoning in this way create opportunities for rapprochement, but growing competition and trade conflicts with other technologically advanced nations is also likely, as the controversial expansion of the Digital Silk Road and the Made in China 2025 initiative demonstrate.
References
Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Work. NBER Working Paper No. 24196. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work. NBER Working Paper No.
Agrawal, A., Gans, J. & Goldfarb, A. (2018). Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence.
Allen, Gregory & Chan, Taniel. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and National Security. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/AI%20NatSec%20-%20final.pdf
Allison, G. (2017). Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Arntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2016). The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189. OECD Publishing, Paris.
Arntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2017). Revisiting the Risk of Automation. Economics Letters, 159, pp.157-
Arrieta, A., & Dobbe, R. (2019). AI and the diffusion of responsibility: The case of lethal autonomous weapons systems. AI & Society.
Author, D. (2015). Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Autor, D.H., Levy, F. and Murnane, R.J. (2015) 'The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,' in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), pp. 1279-1333.
Bajikar, S. (2018). The Future of AI Is in Materials. Semiconductor Engineering. Retrieved from https://semiengineering.com/the-future-of-ai-is-in-materials/
Balding, C., & Clarke, D. C. (2019). Who Owns Huawei? SSRN. 64
Wenning, S. (2023). What Influence Does the AI Strategy Have on Possible Outcomes of Chinese Foreign Policy and Economic Development?
Baldwin, R. (2018). The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization. Harvard
Barton, D., Woetzel, J., Seong, J., & Tian, Q. (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Implications for China. McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/china/artificial-intelligenceimplications-for-china
Baum, S. (2020). Social choice ethics in artificial intelligence. AI & Society.
Bendiek A., Berlich C., & Metzger, T. (2015). The European Union's Digital Assertiveness. SWP Comments.
Bendiek, A., & Metzger, T. (2015). The EU's digital self-assertion. Retrieved from https://www.swpberlin.org/publikation/die-digitale-selbstbehauptung-der-eu
Bendiek, A. (2018). Cyber, Intelligence, and Security at https://www.inss.org.il/wpcontent/uploads/2018/05/Cyber2.3ENG_e.pdf?utm_source=activetrail&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Cyber,%20Intelligence,%20and%20Security%20Vol.%202%20No.%203
Bessen, J. (2019). AI and Jobs: The Role of Demand. NBER Working Paper No. 24235.
Bessen, J. (2019). How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills. Law and Economics Research Paper.
Bitzinger R., Raska M. (2019): Military Modernisation in China and Russia and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, SIRIUS - Journal of Strategic Analysis at https://doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2022-3006
Boland, A., Cherry, G. & Dickson, R. (2017). Doing a systematic review: A student's guide. Philadelphia: SAGE.
Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.
Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2011). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence.
Boyl Ü. & McNally C. 2015) China's Hidden Obstacles to Socioeconomic Rebalancing. AsiaPacificJournals (120), p. 8-18
Bremmer, Ian. (2018). Us vs. Them: The Failure of Globalism. Portfolio/Penguin.
Breznitz, Dan/Murphree, Michael (2011): Run of the Red Queen: Government, Innovation, Globalization, and Economic Growth in China. New Haven and London: Yale University Press;
Briner, R. B., & Denyer, D. (2012). Systematic review and evidence synthesis as a practice and scholarship tool. In D. Rousseau (Ed.), The Oxford
Brown, K. (2018). The World According to Xi: Everything You Need to Know About the New China. I.B. Tauris.
Brynjolfsson, E. & McAfee, A. (2014) The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. Harvard University Press.
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2017). The business of artificial intelligence. Harvard Business Review.
Bughin, J., Hazan, E., Lund, S., Dahlström, P., & Subramaniam, S. (2018). Skill shift: Automation and the future of the workforce. McKinsey Global Institute.
Bughin, J., Hazan, E., Ramaswamy, S., Chui, M., Allas, T., Dahlstrom, P., Henke, N. and Trench, M. (2017) Artificial intelligence: The next digital frontier? McKinsey Global Institute. 65
Bünte, Claudia. "The Chinese AI Revolution." Consumer Behaviour, Marketing and Trade: How China is Changing the Business World with Artificial Intelligence, Berlin (2020).
Büthe, T., Djeffal, C., Lütge, C., Maasen, S., & von Ingersleben-Seip, N. (2022) "Governing AI - attempting to herd cats? Introduction to the special issue on the Governance of Artificial Intelligence." Journal of European Public Policy, 29(11), 1721-1752.
Chen, Y.; Sanders, R.; Wang, J. (2008): The commercialisation of Chinese universities and its effects on research capacity. Universities as Centres of Research and Knowledge Creation: An Endangered Species? Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. pp. 1-280.
Caliskan, A., Bryson, J., & Narayanan, A. (2017). Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science.
Callahan, W. A. (2016). China Dreams: 20 Visions of the Future. Oxford University Press.
Chen, D. & Wang, J. (2018). China's New Diplomacy: Rationale, Strategies, and Significance. Routledge.
Cheng, Y., & Chen, T. (2018). The role of education in artificial intelligence and the development of the future workforce in China. In T. Chen (Ed.), Handbook of Education Policy Research in Asia-Pacific (pp. 1-20). Singapore: Springer.
Chou, C. (2018): Alibaba's Damo Academy Hires Prominent Computer Scientist Mario Szegedy. 17.01.2018, Alizila. https://www.alizila.com/alibabas-damo-academy-hires-prominent-computer-scientist-mario-szegedy/Chui, M., Manyika, J. and Miremadi, M., 2016. Where machines could replace humans-and where they can't (yet). McKinsey Quarterly. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-digital/ourinsights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet [Accessed 1 April 2023].
Cockburn, I., Henderson, R. and Stern, S. (2018) 'The Impact of Artificial Intelligence - Widespread Job Losses or Gains?', in AEA Papers and Proceedings, 108, pp. 114-119.
Crawford, K., & Joler, V. (2018). Anatomy of an AI system. AI Now Institute.
Creemers, R. (2018). China's Cyberspace Authorities Set to Gain Clout in Reorganization. China Brief, 18(5).
Creemers, Rogier. (2018). China's Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control. SSRN.
Cunha, A.M., Lélis, M.T.C., Haines, A.E.F. & Franke, L. 2023, 'Exports of manufactured goods and structural change: Brazil in the face of Chinese competition', Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, vol. 64, pp. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2022.11.002.
Daugherty, P.R. and Wilson, H.J. (2018). "Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI." Harvard Business Review Press.
Davenport, T., & Kirby, J. (2016). Only Humans Need Apply: Winners and Losers in the Age of Smart Machines. Harper Business.
Dignum, V. (2018). Responsible Artificial Intelligence: How to Develop and Use AI in a Responsible Way. Springer.
Ding, J. (2018). Deciphering China's AI Dream. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford.
Dollar, D. (2017). "Yes, China is investing globally - but not so much in its belt and road initiative." Brookings Order from Chaos Blog. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/05/08/yeschina-is-investing-globally-but-not-so-much-in-its-belt-and-road-initiative/
Doshi, R. (2020). The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order. Oxford University Press.
Doshi, Rush. (2021). The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order. Oxford University
Durach, C. F., Kembro, J., & Wieland, A. (2017). "A New Paradigm for Systematic Literature Reviews in Supply Chain Management." Journal of Supply Chain Management, 53(4), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12145
Dyer, G. (2019). Contest of the Century: The New Era of Competition with China. Vintage Books.
Economy, E. (2018). The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. Oxford University Press.
Edelman, B., & Luca, M. (2014). "Digital Discrimination: The Case of Airbnb.com." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-054.
Elsevier (2018). "Artificial Intelligence: How knowledge is created, transferred, and used."
Etzioni, Amitai & Etzioni, Oren. (2017). "Incorporating Ethics into Artificial Intelligence." Journal of Ethics, 21(4), 403-418.
Fang, Y., & Chen, Q. (2021). "E-commerce and economic growth in China: A regional perspective." China Economic Review.
Feak, C. & Swales, J. M. (2009). Telling a Research Story. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Ferdinand, Peter (2016). "Westward ho - The China Dream and 'One belt, One Road': Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi Jinping." International Affairs, 92(4), 941-957.
Fischer, S. (2018). "Artificial Intelligence: China's High-Tech Ambitions." CSS Analysis. Retrieved from https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securitiesstudies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse220-DE.pdf
Floridi, L. (2018). "Soft Ethics and the Governance of the Digital." Philosophy & Technology.
Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future. Basic Books.
Fravel, M. T. (2019). Active Defense: China's Military Strategy since 1949. Princeton University Press.
Frey, C., & Osborne, M. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?
Fu, X., & Zhang, J. (2018). The role of ICT in China's economic development: A growth accounting perspective. China Economic Review.
Fu, Ying (2017): The Korean Nuclear Issue: Past, Present, and Future. A Chinese Perspective. Washington: Brookings John L. Thornton Center, Strategy Paper 3/May 2017.
Furman, J., & Seamans, R. (2018). AI and the Economy. NBER Working Paper No. 24245.
Gan, J., Li, Y., & Xu, Y. (2019) Digital China: Managing Dilemmas in a Dual Economy. Oxford University Press.
Gao, H., & Zhang, Y. (2019). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on China's Economic Growth. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Systems, 1(1), 21-32. 67
Garver, John W. (2016): China's Quest. The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gätzner, S. (2022): Chinas Wirtschaftspolitik als Herausforderung für die europäische Wirtschaft, in: Wie gestalten wir unsere Beziehungen zu China? BDI.
Gehrke, B., & Schiersch, A. (2015). Global value chains and selected standard indicators on the knowledge economy. Berlin: Expert Commission on Research and Innovation (EFI); Pop-Silaghi, M. I., Alexa, D., Jude, C., &
Litan, C. (2014). Do business and public sector research and development expenditures contribute to economic growth in Central and Eastern European Countries? A dynamic panel estimation. Economic Modelling, 36, pp. 108-119.
Geist, Edward, & Lohn, Andrew J. (2018). How might artificial intelligence affect the risk of nuclear war? RAND Corporation.
Göbel, C. (2020). The Struggle for China's Local State: Challenges, Trends, and Transformations. The China Quarterly, 243, 590-609. doi:10.1017/S0305741020000587
Godehardt N. (2020): Wie China Weltpolitik geformt Die Logik von Pekings Außenpolitik unter Xi Jinping, SWP Studie.
Godement, F. & Vasselier, A. 2017, China at the Gates: A New Power Audit of EU-China Relations, European Council on Foreign Relations, London.
Goh, E. (2016). Rising China's Influence in Developing Asia. Oxford University Press.
Goldin, C., & Katz, L. (2018). The Race between Education and Technology. Harvard University Press.
Gong, M., & Tang, L. (2020). The impact of e-commerce on industrial upgrading in China. China Economic Review.
Gough, D., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2012). An Introduction to Systematic Reviews. London: Sage.
Graham, A. (2021). The Great Rivalry: China vs. the U.S. in the 21st Century. Harvard. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/great-rivalry-china-vs-us-21st-century
Greene, J. (2014). Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap between Us and Them. Penguin Press.
Groth, O., Straube, T. (2021). Analysis of current global developments in the field of AI with a focus on Europe. KAS. https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/11055681/Analyse+current+global+developments+in+the+field+of+AI+with+a+focus+on+Europe.pdf/99f84ba2-c142-03b3-f76e-ba399c8d131b?
Guba, B. (2008). Systematic literature search. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 158(1-2), 62-69. https://doi.org/10/dxqcwm
Gunkel, D. (2018). Robot Rights. MIT Press.
Hamilton, D. S., & Quinlan, J. P. (2019). The transatlantic economy 2019: Annual survey of jobs, trade, and investment between the United States and Europe. Centre for Transatlantic Relations, Johns Hopkins University.
Kepes, S., Biswas-Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2010). Handbook of Evidence-Based Management: Companies, Classrooms, and Research (pp. 112-129). New York: Oxford University Press.
He, K. (2018). China's Crisis Behavior: Political Survival and Foreign Policy. Cambridge University Press.
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016). "Deep residual learning for image recognition." In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 770-778. [DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2016.90]
He, P., Zhang, J. & Chen, L. (2022). Time is money: Impact of China-Europe Railway Express on the export of laptop products from Chongqing to Europe. Transport Policy, 125, 312-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.06.010.
Heberer, T., & Müller, A. (2020). China the developmental state: Politics, economics, social cohesion and ideology. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Heilmann, S., & Schmidt, D. (2012). Foreign policy and foreign trade of the People's Republic of China. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden.
Hinton, G. E., Osindero, S., & Teh, Y. W. (2006). "A fast-learning algorithm for deep belief nets." Neural Computation, 18(7), 1527-1554. [DOI: 10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527]
HLEG AI (2019). Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, European Commission.
Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997). "Long short-term memory." Neural Computation, 9(8), 1735-1780. [DOI: 10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.17352.
Hong, Y., & Deng, H. (2019). Artificial intelligence development in China: Policies, practices, and implications for education. In Y. Hong & H. Deng (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education (pp. 1-17). Singapore: Springer.
Horowitz, M. &. Mahoney, C. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and the Military: Technology Is Only Half the Battle, at https://warontherocks.com/2018/12/artificial-intelligence-and-the-military-technology-is-only-half-thebattle/
Horowitz, Michael C. (2018). The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes and Consequences for International Politics. Princeton University Press.
Huang, Q., & Xie, R. (2019). The impact of digital technology on economic growth: Evidence from China.
Huang, R., & Spector, J. M. (Eds.). (2018). "Educational technology: a primer for the 21st century." Springer.
Huang, Y. & Dollar, D. (2020) China 2049: Economic Challenges of a Rising Global Power. Brookings Institution
Huang, Y. (2008) Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State. Cambridge University
International Federation of Robotics (2022) 'Installed robots in China up 44 per cent', press release, 29 September, at https://www.maschinenmarkt.vogel.de/installierte-roboter-in-china-um-44-prozent-gestiegen-a-35d85f7b957a4e3a083d034634a27c58/iResearch 2023, "2022 China's AI Industry Report (Ⅴ)", at https://www.iresearchchina.com/content/details7_71885.html
Jasanoff, S. (ed.) (2015) Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power.
Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L. & Lacey, F.M. (2011). Doing your literature review: traditional and systematic techniques. Los Angeles: Sage.
Kania, E. B. (2017). "Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China's Future Military Power." Centre for a New American Security (CNAS).
Kastner, S. L. (2016). Political Conflict and Economic Interdependence Across the Taiwan Strait and Beyond. Stanford University Press.
Kitchenham, B. (2007). Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering (p. 44).
Korinek, A., & Stiglitz, J. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment. NBER Working Paper No. 24174.
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2012). "ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks." In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 1097-1105.
Kynge, J. (2016). The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Kynge, J. (2021). The Great Decoupling: China, America and the Struggle for Technological Supremacy. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Lardy, N.R. (2014) Markets over Mao: The Rise of Private Business in China. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Le Cun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). "Deep learning." Nature, 521(7553), 436-444. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14539]
Le Cun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., & Haffner, P. (1998). "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(11), 2278-2324. [DOI: 10.1109/5.726791
Lee, K. (2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Lee, K. (2021). China's Economic Statecraft: Turning Wealth into Power. International Affairs, 97(2), 411-430. doi:10.1093/ia/iiaa177
Levesque, G. (2019): Military-Civil Fusion. Beijing's 'Guns AND Butter' Strategy to Become a Technological Superpower, The Jamestown Foundation, China Brief, 19 (18); https://jamestown.org/program/military-civilfusion-beijings-guns-and-butter-strategy-to-become-a-technological-superpower/Suche in Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (2019): China's Techno-Utilitarian Experiments with Artificial Intelligence" inDigital Asia, Issue 2/2018 Panorama. Insights into Asian and European Affair
Li, J., Wu, Y., & Xiao, J. J. (2020). The impact of digital finance on household consumption: Evidence from China.Economic Modelling,86, 317-326.
Li, K. (2021). China's Dual Circulation Strategy: Origins, Evolution, and Implementation. Journal of Contemporary China, 30(131), 633-649. doi:10.1080/10670564.2020.1841785.
Li, X., & Li, D. (2018). The digital economy and urban economic growth in China. Cities.
Li, X., & Wang, Q. (2020). The impact of digital technology on economic growth in China: A regional perspective. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 101906.
Li, Y., & Sun, H. (2021). The role of digital technology in promoting inclusive growth in China. World Development.
Liang, F., Li, T., & Zhang, X. (2018). China's industrial robot development report (2017). In Industrial robot development report (pp. 1-15). Springer, Singapore.
Liu, C. & Ma, X. 2023, 'Migration, tariffs, and China's export surge', Journal of International Economics, vol. 140, 103696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103696. 70
Liu, D., & Chen, J. (2021). Digitalization and regional economic growth in China: A spatial econometric analysis.
Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C.-Y., & Berg, A. C. (2016). "SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector." In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 21-37. Springer, Cham. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46448-0_2]
Lu, Y., & Hsiao, J. (2020). The development of e-commerce in China. Journal of Economic Surveys.
Lu, Y., & Yao, Y. (2019). Artificial intelligence, human capital and economic growth: A theoretical analysis. China Economic Review, 54, 337-349.
Lynch, D. C. (2016). China's Futures: PRC Elites Debate Economics, Politics, and Foreign Policy. Stanford
Marcus, Gary. (2020). Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust. Pantheon Books.
McAfee, A. & Brynjolfsson, E. (2017) Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future. Harvard
McAfee, A., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W.W. Norton & Company.
McClelland, C. (2023): The Impact of Artificial Intelligence - Widespread Job Losses, at https://www.iotforall.com/impact-of-artificial-intelligence-job-losses
McManus, R. J., Wilson, S., Delaney, B. C., Fitzmaurice, D. A., Hyde, C. J., Tobias, R. S., ... Hobbs, F. D. R. (1998). Review of the usefulness of contacting other experts when conducting a literature search for systematic reviews. BMJ, 317(7172), 1562-1563. https://doi.org/10/fdztrb
McNally, C.A. (2012) China's Emergent Political Economy: Capitalism in the Dragon's Lair. Oxford University
McNally, Chris (2012): Sino-Capitalism: China's Reemergence and the International Political Economy, World Politics, 64: 4, 741-776;
Meister, Stefan. (2018). The Russia File, Brookings Press.
Miller, A. L. (2017). China's Asian Dream: Empire Building Along the New Silk Road. Zed Books.
Mokyr, J. (2002) The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Harvard University Press.
Murphy, Flynn (2017): China's Silicon Valley. Nature, 545, 29
Murray, Williamson/Knox, Macgregor (2001): Thinking about revolutions in warfare, in: this. (eds.): The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300-2050. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-1410.1017/CBO9780511817335.001Search in Google Scholar
National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (2021): Final Report.Washington DC: NSCAI; https://www.nscai.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Full-Report-Digital-1.pdfSuche in Google Scholar
Naughton, B. (2007) The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. MIT Press.
Naughton, B. (2018) The Chinese Economy: Adaptation and Growth. Oxford University Press.
Naughton, B., & Tsai, K.S. (Eds.). (2021) State Capitalism, Institutional Adaptation, and the Chinese Miracle. Cambridge University Press.
OECD (2019). "Artificial Intelligence in Society.", at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-andtechnology/artificial-intelligence-in-society_eedfee77-en
O'Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown.
Ong, R. (2016). China's Economic Rise and Its Global Impact. Palgrave Macmillan.
Pasquale, F. (2015). The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard
Prasad, E.S. (2019). The Future of Money: How the Digital Revolution is Transforming Currencies and Finance.
Qiu, L. (2009) Working-Class Network Society: Communication Technology and the Information Have-Less in Urban China. MIT Press.
Rahwan, I. (2018). Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract. Ethics and Information Technology.
Rammer, C., Gottschalk, S., Peters, B., Bersch, J., & Erdsiek, D. (2016). The role of SMEs for research and innovation in Germany. Studies on the German Innovation System 10-2016. Berlin: Expert Commission for Research and Innovation.
Reese, B. (2018) "The Fourth Age: Smart Robots, Conscious Computers, and the Future of Humanity." Atria Books.
Rigger, S. (2019). China's Relations with Taiwan: A Stalled Policy. The China Journal.
Roff, H. M. (2014). The Strategic Robot Problem: Lethal Autonomous Weapons in War. Journal of Military Ethics.
Rolland, N. (2019). China's Vision for a New World Order. The National Bureau of Asian Research.
Rospigliosi, P. (2022) "Adopting the metaverse for learning environments means more use of deep learning artificial intelligence: this presents challenges and problems." Interactive Learning Environments, 30(9), 1573-
Ross, R. S., & Tunsjø, Ø. (2018). Strategic Adjustment and the Rise of China: Power and Politics in East Asia. Cornell University Press.
Rühlig T. (2020): Xi Jinping's power and the consequences for China's foreign policy, at https://dgap.org/de/forschung/publikationen/xi-jinpings-macht-und-die-folgen-fuer-chinas-aussenpolitik
Russell, S. (2019). Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. Viking.
Scharre, P. (2018). Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War. W. W. Norton & Company.
Schasse, U., Belitz, H., Kladroba, A., & Stenke, G. (2016). Research and development in business and government. Studies on the German Innovation System No. 2-2016. NIW, DIW and SV Wissenschaftsstatistik. Berlin: Expert Commission on Research and Innovation.
Schmidhuber, J. (2015). "Deep learning in neural networks: An overview." Neural Networks, 61, 85-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003]
Schwab, K. (2020). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Currency.
Shambaugh, D. (2020) China's Leaders: From Mao to Now. Polity Press. 72
Singer, P. W., & Brooking, Emerson T. (2018). LikeWar: The Weaponization of social media. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Slijper, Frank/Beck, Alice/Kayser, Daan (2019): State of AI: Artificial Intelligence, the Military and Increasingly Autonomous Weapons. Utrecht: paxforpeaceSearch in Google Scholar
Smith, G. (2018) "The AI Delusion." Oxford University Press.
Sturgeon, J.C. (2010) Border Landscapes: The Politics of Akha Land Use in China and Thailand. Oxford University
Su, F. & Tian N. (2021): A new estimate of China's military expenditure. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Susskind, R., & Susskind, D. (2015). The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts. Oxford University Press.
Swaine, M. D. (2015). Chinese Views on South China Sea Disputes. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Taddeo, M. & Floridi, L. (2016). What is AI Ethics? https://philarchive.org/rec/FLOWID
Taylor, J. E., & Yúnez-Naude, A. (2017). The impact of artificial intelligence-W-related technologies on the job market and economy: A survey of economists and AI researchers. Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Humanities and Education, Department of Social Sciences Working Papers.
Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Alfred A. Knopf. ten Brink, Tobias (2019): China's Capitalism. A Paradoxical Route to Economic Prosperity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press;
Ten Hompel, Michael. (2018). Logistics 4.0: The digitalisation of the value chain. Springer Gabler.
Triolo, P. & Webster, G. (2018). "China's plan to 'lead' in AI: Purpose, prospects, and problems." New America, Center for Data Innovation.
Veale, M., & Edwards, L. (2018). Clarity, surprises, and further questions in the Article 29 Working Party draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling. International Data Privacy Law.
Vincent, J. (2019). China is worried an AI arms race could lead to accidental war. The Verge.
Vinuesa, R., Azizpour, H., Leite, I., Balaam, M., Dignum, V., Domisch, S., ... & Nerini, F. F. (2020). The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1-10.
Von der Leyen, U. (2018). Speech on the occasion of the 56th Munich Security Conference: Artificial Intelligence and Global Security. Federal Ministry of Defence.
Wallach, W., & Allen, C. (2008). Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. Oxford University Press.
Wang, Y. (2019) Fintech in China: From Shadow Banking to P2P Lending. Routledge.
Wang, Y., & Zhao, L. (2019). Digitalization, globalization and the Chinese economy: An overview. China Economic Review.
Webb, A. (2019) "The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity." PublicAffairs.
Webber, Jude G. (2017). The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge University Press.
Webster, G., Creemers, R., Triolo, P., & Kania, E. (2017). Full Translation: China's 'New Generation Artificial
Intelligence Development Plan' (2017). New America.
Webster, Graham. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and China-US Strategic Competition. Yale Law School, Paul Tsai China Center.
West, D. M., & Allen, J. R. (2018). Turning point: Policymaking in the era of artificial intelligence. Brookings Institution Press.
West, Darrell M. (2018). The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation. Brookings Institution Press.
Whittlestone, J. (2019). The Moral Machine Experiment. Nature.
WIPO (2019). "WIPO Technology Trends 2019: Artificial Intelligence.", at https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4386;
Work, R. O. & Brimley, S. (2014). 20YY: Preparing for War in the Robotic Age. Centre for a New American Security.
World Economic Forum (2019). "Shaping the Future of Advanced Manufacturing and Production in China." At https://www.weforum.org/centres-and-platforms/shaping-the-future-of-production
Wu, J., Wang, J., & Hong, P. (2020). Digital business ecosystem and economic growth: The case of China.
Xiang, L., & Worthington, I. (2020). Digital transformation of Chinese SMEs: A resource orchestration perspective. Journal of Business Research.
Xinhua (2022): Pearl River Delta transforms from world factory to technology hub, at https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/10/WS62ca1bb7a310fd2b29e6b731.html
Yahuda, M. (2018). China's New Assertiveness in the South China Sea. Journal of Contemporary China.
Yang, L., & Zeng, D. (2020). Digital technology and economic growth in China: A regional perspective.
Yu, L., & Liu, H. (2018). China's higher education in AI: Policies, practices, and implications for work. Journal of Chinese Governance, 3(2), 177-195.
Zenglein, M. & Holzmann, A. (2019). Made in China 2025, Merics China Monitor.
Zhang, W., & Wei, X. (2020). The impact of digital technologies on economic growth in China. Journal of Economic Studies.
Zhao Y, Said R, Ismail NW, Hamzah HZ. Effect of Industrial Robots on Employment in China: An Industry Level Analysis. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022 Jul 18; 2022:2267237. doi: 10.1155/2022/2267237. PMID: 35898783; PMCID: PMC9313997.
Zhao, S. (2017). China and the Middle East: Venturing into the Maelstrom. Palgrave Macmillan.
Zhong, R.Y., Xu, X., Klotz, E., & Newman, S.T. (2017) Intelligent Manufacturing in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Review. Engineering, 3(5), 616-630.
Zhou, C., & Mao, X. (2020). The impact of artificial intelligence on employment and income distribution in China: Evidence from a CGE model. Economic Modelling, 86, 197-211.
Zhu, J. (2021) China's Mobile Economy: Opportunities in the Largest and Fastest Information Consumption Boom. HarperCollins Leadership.
Zhu, Q., & Zhang, M. (2019). Digital transformation and China's economic growth: A sectoral analysis.
Zoph, B., & Le, Q. V. (2016). "Neural Architecture Search with Reinforcement Learning." arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.01578.
Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Sebastian Wenning
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
