A Comparison of Western Concepts of Free Will and Compatibilism with Islamic and Salafist Determinism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.95.12445Abstract
Both theologians and philosophers are concerned about the moral implications of determinism, because it implies that an individual cannot be held responsible for anything he does merely because it happened to him, affected by God or nature as a result of something. This article compares Western concepts of free will and compatibility to Islamic determinism and Salafism, as well as disparities in viewpoints on these philosophical positions. An answer to the question of whether determinism can overcome humanity's inconsistencies, as demonstrated by Western free will and compatibility and Eastern Islamic Salafi views. Determinism (divine determination) has been widely disputed by Muslim scholars and thinkers, just as the discussion over determinism and free will has captured the attention of Western scholars throughout the centuries. Since the classical Islamic era, however, no consensus has been established, and the controversy over the concept of predestination (divine predestination) or predestination has sparked several debates about its relationship to the problem of freedom (freedom) and choice.
References
Abou El Fadl, K. (2014) Reasoning with god: Reclaiming shari ‘ah in the modern age. Rowman & Littlefield.
Adraoui, M.A. (2020). Salafism Goes Global: From the Gulf to the French Banlieues. Oxford University Press.
Al Tirmidhi, I. (2011) Sunan Al-Tirmidhi wa Huwa Al-Jami' Al-Sahih (Arabic Book) Saudi Arabia: Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiya
Allan, L. (2016) Free Will and Compatibilism. Accessed http://www.rationalrealm.com/philosophy/metaphysics/freewill-compatibilism.html
Alquist, J.L., Ainsworth, S.E. and Baumeister, R.F. (2013) Determined to conform: Disbelief in free will increases conformity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), pp.80-86. Accessed https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256752585_Determined_to_conform_Disbelief_in_free_will_increases_conformity
Al-Ṭabarānī, S. (1995) al-Muʻjam al-Awsaṭ. al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥaramayn.
Augustine, A. (2014) A Treatise on Grace and Free Will. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Ed. Philip Schaff, 1, p.05. Accessed http://www.onthewing.org/user/Augustine%20-%20Grace%20and%20Free%20Will.pdf
Baumeister, Roy, Bauer, Isabelle and Lloyd, Stuart. (2010). Choice, Free Will, and Religion. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2. 67-82.
Boettner, L. (2017). The reformed doctrine of predestination. Pickle Partners Publishing.
Borum, R. (2004) Psychology of Terrorism, University of South Florida. URL: http://scholarcommons. usf. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi.
Brady, B., 2009. Some Philosophical Roots of Determinism in Astrology. Jupiter, Astronomy, Mathematics and
Anthroposophy 4, no. 1 (2009): 27-40. Accessed https://www.academia.edu/2068087/Some_Philosophical_Roots_of_Determinism_in_Astrology
Burckhardt, John Lewis, Colburn, Henry and Bentley, Richard. Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys. London, 1930.
Caruso, G. D. (2012). Free will and consciousness: A determinist account of the illusion of free will. Lexington Books.
Almuqren, A. (2022). A Comparison of Western Concepts of Free Will and Compatibilism with Islamic and Salafist Determinism. Advances in Social
Chalcraft, J. (2015) The Arab uprisings of 2011 in historical perspective. The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle-Eastern and North African History.
Lahm,D,s. (2012) Coffeehouse Compatibilism: The Espresso that Drowned an Idea. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
De Cillis, M. (2013) Free will and predestination in Islamic thought: Theoretical compromises in the works of Avicenna, al-Ghazali and Ibn'Arabi. Routledge.
Di Maria, T. (1999). Kant's conception of the self: Applying the dual-aspect reading of the phenomena/noumena distinction to the self.
Doyle, B. (2010) Jamesian free will, the two-stage model of William James. William James Studies, 5, pp.1-28. Accessed https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228842183_Jamesian_free_will_the_twostage_model_of_William_James
Eggerman, R.W. (1976) The Language of Soft Determinism. Southwestern Journal of Philosophy, 7(1), pp.91-99. Accessed https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43155084.pdf?seq=1
Fazli, A. (2012) Antinomy of Free Will and Pre-Ordained Sustenance. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 19 [Special Issue – October 2012] accessed http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_19_Special_Issue_October_2012/19.pdf
Fischer, J.M., Kane, R., Pereboom, D. and Vargas, M. (2009) Four views on free will. John Wiley & Sons.
Frankfurt, H. G. (1969). Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility. The journal of philosophy, 66(23), 829-839.
Frankfurt, H.G. and Watson, G. (1982) Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person (pp. 81-95). Oxford University Press.
Gauvain, R. (2013) Salafi ritual purity: In the presence of god. Routledge.
Gifford, A. (2007). The knowledge problem, determinism, and The Sensory Order. The Review of Austrian Economics, 20(4), 269-291.
Harris, S. (2012) Free will. Simon and Schuster.
Hoitenga, D.J. (1988) Predestination and Free Will: Four Views of Divine Sovereignty and Human Freedom. Faith and Philosophy, 5(4), pp.463-466.
Hoover, J. (2007) Ibn Taymiyya's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science
Howard, D. (2011) Being human in Islam: the impact of the evolutionary worldview. Taylor & Francis.
Hume, D. (2003) A treatise of human nature. Courier Corporation.
Iredale, M. (2014) The Problem of Free Will: A Contemporary Introduction. Routledge.
Kame, G.S. (2013) Predestination in scriptures and reformation traditions: towards deconstructing paradigms for soteriology in a proposed Cameroon Baptist theological treatise. University of South Africa. Accessed https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0fa1/2179fa9df6906dba918b6722c30f9e33f864.pdf
Kanu, I. A. (2016). Extra Religio-Metaphysical Concept of Freedom and Necessity in David Hume AMAMIHE Journal of Applied Philosophy, 14(1).
Kennard (undated). God's Sovereignty and Human Free Will. Accessed http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5959b6e0a5790ac5e345a35a/5a71ac4d343a9b99eb9a1c47/5a71ac80343a9b99eb9a2457/1517399168283/Kennard-ClassicalGod_Ch9.pdf?format=original Khan, M. (1995) Sahih Al Bukahari The Translation of the Meanings of Summarized Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English (Arabic) Saudi Arabia: Dar Ul Islam
Lewis, C.S. (1943) Mere Christianity, pub. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1945, p.1952.
List, C. (2019) Why Free Will is Real. Harvard University Press.
Marsh, D. and Furlong, P. (2002) A skin not a sweater: Ontology and epistemology in political science. Theory and methods in political science, 2, pp.17-41.
Mills, J. (2013) Freedom and Determinism. The Humanistic Psychologist. 41. 101-118. Accessed https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271991125_Freedom_and_Determinism
Moazzam, A. (1984). Jamāḷ Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni, a Muslim Intellectual. New Dehli: Concept Publishing Company.
Monroe, A.E. and Malle, B.F. (2010) From uncaused will to conscious choice: The need to study, not speculate about people’s folk concept of free will. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 1(2), pp.211-224.
Moreland, J. P., William Lane Craig (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. InterVarsity Press.
Nasr, S.H. (1996) Islamic Culture between tradition and modernity in Leaman, O. History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Routledge
Ogletree, S.M. (2013) Doing the right thing: Determinism, moral responsibility and agency. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(13), p.201. Accessed https://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_13_July_2013/1.pdf
Peale, S. (1989) The diseasing of America. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Peterson, R.A. and Williams, M.D. (2010) Why I am not an Arminian. InterVarsity Press.
Pinker, S. (2002) The blank slate: The denial of human nature in modern intellectual life. Viking.
Rutter, J. and Alexander, C.F. (1983) All things bright and beautiful. Hymns for Little Children. Godtube Website. Accessed https://www.godtube.com/popular-hymns/all-things-bright-and-beautfiul/
Schaik, J, Gruwez, C. (2013) The Impulse of Freedom in Islam. SteinerBooks.
Shell, S.M. (2009) Kant and the Limits of Autonomy. Harvard university press.
Smilansky, S. (2003) Compatibilism: The argument from shallowness. Philosophical Studies, 115(3), pp.257-282. Accessed https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.101516!/file/smilansky-on-shallowness.pdf
Smit, W. (2005) Free Will and determinism. Conference Paper: IIAS Symposium. Accessed https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257170603_Free_Will_and_Determinism
Smith, R.N. (2014) On his own terms: A life of Nelson Rockefeller. Random House Incorporated.
Uschanov, T.P. (2013) Determinism, Self-Reference and Morality. Accessed https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/tuschano/writings/determinism.pdf
Vargas, M. (2009) Revisionism about free will: a statement & defense. Philosophical studies, 144(1), pp.45-62.
Vedantam, S. (2007) If it feels good to be good, it might be only natural. The Washington Post A, 1, p.A09. Accessed http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701056_pf.html
Wagemakers, J. (2018) Salafism or the quest for purity. Oasis: A Biannual Journal of Cultural Inquiry on the Relationship between Christians and Muslims in Contemporary Society, 8.
Waller, B.N. (1988) Hard determinism and the principle of vacuous contrast. Metaphilosophy, 19(1), pp.65-69.
Weatherford, R. (2017) The implications of determinism (Vol. 8). Taylor & Francis.
Weismann, I. (2017) A Perverted Balance: Modern Salafism between Reform and Jihād. Die Welt des Islams, 57(1), pp.33-66. Accessed https://www.academia.edu/32357173/A_Perverted_Balance_Modern_Salafism_between_Reform_and_Jih%C4%81d
Wood, A. (1998) Kant’s Compatibilism. In Patricia Kitcher (ed) (1998). Kant's Critique of Pure Reason: Critical Essays. Rowman and Littlefield
Zakaria, W. F. A. W. (2015). Qadar in classical and modern Islamic discourses: Commending a futuristic perspective. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 7, 39. 418
Zarei, M., & Goodini, M. J. (2018). A Comparative Study of Classic Khawarij and Contemporary Takfiri Groups with Special Emphasis on Daesh. The Journal of Research in Humanities, 24(2), 141-159.
Zwemer, S.M., 1900. Arabia: The Cradle of Islam: Studies in the Geography, People and Politics of the Peninsula, with an Account of Islam and Mission-work. FH Revell Company.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Abdullah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
