Community Participation in Project Planning: A panacea to improved Performance of Community Water Supply Projects in Kericho County, Kenya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.83.9469Keywords:
Project Planning, scope Planning, Activity Planning, Resource Planning, Project Performance, Community participationAbstract
This article sought to investigate the influence of community participation in project planning on the performance of community water supply projects in Kericho County, Kenya. The indicators used to assess this included community participation in; Scope planning, Activity planning and Resource planning. The study adopted descriptive survey design and correlation research design. The descriptive survey design was used to describe characteristics of the population being studied whilst a correlational research was used to describe the degree to which variables under the study were related. The target population comprised 8369 people from which a sample of 382 was considered and out of which 310 responded. The sample comprised of household heads, management committee members and sub-County water officers. The research instruments for this study were: questionnaires, focus group discussion and interview schedules. Stratified proportional sampling, random sampling and census techniques were used to collect primary qualitative and quantitative data. The data was compiled, given codes and input into SPSS version 25 computer program for statistical analysis and presentation. The study findings showed that community participation in scope planning (R=0.580, p=0.00<0.05, R2=0.334), activity planning (R=0.538, p=0.00<0.05, R2=0.288) and resource planning (R=0.511, p=0.00<0.05, R2=0.259) are significant explanatory variables with respect to project performance at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the study concluded that the community should be encouraged to actively participate more during the planning process in order to enhance the performance of their community water supply projects. In this regard, the study recommends that policies to facilitate the structured participation of the community could be enacted to guarantee participation and hence improve the performance of community water supply project.
References
WHO-UNICEF, "Joint Monitoring Programme for Water and Sanitation," 2018.
S. Galiani, P. Gertler and E. Schargrodsky, "Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 83-120, 2005.
The Kenyan Constitution, "Rights and Fundamental Freedoms," Government Printers, Nairobi, 2010.
GIZ, "Good Governance in the Kenyan Water Sector. Policies, Pipes and the Participation of the People - Water Governance Practices on the Ground," Eschborn:GIZ, 2012.
P. Serrador, "The Impact of Planning on Project Success – A Literature Review," The Journal of Modern Management, vol. 1, pp. 1-24, 2013.
H. Mintzberg, The rise and fall of strategic planning, Harvard Business Review, 1994.
A. Shenhar, "One Size Does Not Fit All Projects: Exploring Classical Contingency Domains," Management Science, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 394-414, 2001.
A. J. Shenhar, D. Dvir, O. Levy and A. C. Maltz, "Project Success: A Multi-Dimensional Strategic Concept," Long Range Planning, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 699-725, 2001.
Y.-. R. Wang and G. Gibson, "A study of preproject planning and project success using ANNs and regression models," Automation in construction, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 341-346, 2008.
M. Thomas, P. H. Jacques, J. R. Adams and J. Kihneman-Woote, "Developing an Effective Project: Planning and team Building Combined," Project Management Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 105-113, 2008.
R. L. Kliem, I. S. Ludin and K. L. Robertson, Project Management Methodology: A Practical Guide for The Next Millenium, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1998.
O. Zwikael, "Critical Planning Processes in Construction Projects," Construction Innovation, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 372-387, 2009.
H. Kerzner, Project management: Asystems approach to planning, scheduling and controlling, 10th, Ed., Ohio: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2013. 414
T. Lemma, "The Role of Project Planning on Project Performance in Ethiopia," Masters Dissertation, 2014.
T. Blomquist, M. Hällgren, A. H. Nilsson and A. Söderholm, "Project-As-Practice: In Search of Project Management Research That Matters," Project management journal, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 5-16, 2010.
Z. Alias, E. M. A. Zawawi, K. Yusof and N. M. Aris, "Determining Critical Success Factors of Project Management Practice: A Conceptual Framework," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, p. 153, 2014.
A. R. Morua, A. S. Mayer and M. H. Durfee, "Community Partnered Projects: A Case study of Collaborative Efforts to Improve Sanitation in Marginalized Community in Northwest Mexico," 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.springer.com/journals.
IRC, "Community Water Supply Management. History of a Concept," IRC, Delft, The Netherlands, 2003.
World Bank, "World Development Report: Making Services Work for Poor People," World Bank, Washington DC, 2004.
C. McCommon, "Community Management of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Services; Water and Sanitation for Health (WASH) Technical Report," United States Agency for Internation Aid (USAID), Washington DC, 1993.
W. D. Thwala, "Community Participation is a Necessity for Project Success: A Case Study of Rural Water Supply Project in Jeppes Reefs, South Africa," African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 970-979, 2010.
WHO/UNICEF, "Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water," 2013.
MWI, "2010 Annual Water Sector Review Report," Nairobi, 2011.
D. Whittington, D. T. Lauria, D. A. Okun and X. Mu, "Water vending activities in developing countries. A case study of Ukunda, Kenya," International Journal of Water Resources Development, vol. 5, pp. 158-168, 2007.
J. O. Onjala, "Good Intentions, Structural Pitfalls: Early Lessons from Urban Water Commercialization Attempts in Kenya," PhD Dissertation, Roskilde University, Denmark, 2012.
WASREB, "A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013-2014, Impact Report 8," WASREB, Nairobi, 2015.
CIDP, "Kericho County Integrated Development Plan (2018-2022)," Kericho, 2018.
J. T. Isham and S. Kahkonen, "Institutional Determinants of the Impact of Community-Based Water Services: Evidence from Sri Lanka and India," Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 667-691, 2007.
J. Araral and Eduardo, "What Explains Collective Action in the Commons? Theory and Evidence from the Philippines," World Development, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 687-697, 2009.
E. Kleemeier, "The Impact of Participation on Sustainability: An Analysis of the Malawi Rural Piped Scheme Program," World Development, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 929-944, 2000.
A. Chan and A. P. Chan, "Key Performance Indicators for Measuring Construction Success," Benchmarking Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 203-221, 2004.
A. Shaheed , J. Orgill , M. A. Montgomery , M. A. Jeuland and J. Brownd , "Why Improved Water Sources are not Always Safe," Bull World Health Organ, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 283-289, 2014.
CIDA, "Planning and Implementation of SWAps: An Overview," 2000.
P. A. Harvey and B. Reed, "Rural Water Supplies in Africa: Building Blocks for Hand Pump Sustainability," WEDC, Loughborough University, UK, 2004.
A. Neely, M. Gregory and K. Platts, "Performance Measurement Systems Design: A Literature Review and Research Agenda," International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 80-116, 1995.
S. O. Cheung, H. C. Suen and K. K. Cheung, "PPMS: A Web-based construction Project PerformanceMonitoring System," Automation in Construction, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 361-376, 2004. 415
J. P. Lewis , Project Planning, Schedule and Control: A Hands-on Guide to Bring Projects in on Time and on Budget, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Comp Inc. USA, 2010.
S. R. Berntsson and R. Aurum, "Successful Software Projects and Products: an Empirical Investigation, Proceedings of ISESE," 2006.
K. Linberg, "Software developer Perceptions about Software Projects Failure: A case study," Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 49, no. 2-3, pp. 177-192, 1999.
P. E. Love and G. D. Holt, "Construction Business Performance Measurement: The SPM Alternative," Business Project Management Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 408-416, 2000.
T. Katz and J. Sara, "Making Rural Water Supply Sustainable: Recommendations from a Global Study," Washington DC, 1997.
J. Newman, M. Pradhan, L. Rawlings , G. Ridder, R. Coa and J. L. Elvia, "An Impact Evaluation of Education, Health and Water Supply Investment in Bolivian Social Investment Fund," The World Bank Economic Review,
F. Cleaver, "Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development," Journal of Intenational Development, vol. 11, pp. 567-612, 1999.
D. Narayan, "The Contribution of Peoples' Participation: Evidence from 121 Rural Water Projects," in Environmental Sustainable Development Occassional Paper Series No. 1, Washington DC, 1995.
F. W. Mulwa, Demystifying Participatory Community Development, Revised ed Nairobi. Kenya ed., Paulines Publications Africa, 2010.
A. Mumma, "Kenya's New Water Law: An Analysis of the Implications for the Rural Poor.," in International workshop on African Water Laws: Plurals Legislative Frameworks for Rural Water Management in Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2005.
D. Dvir, R. Tzvi and A. Shenhar, "An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Project Planning and Project Success," International Journal of Project Management, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 89-95, 2003.
M. Thomas, P. H. Jacques, J. R. Adams and J. Kihneman - Wooten, "Developing an Effective Project: Planning and Team Building Combined," Project Management Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 105-113, 2008.
T. Schouten and P. Moriarty, Community Water, Community Management: From system to service in rural areas, Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HL, UK: ITDG Publishing, 2003, p. 103–105 .
UNDP, "Human Development Report 2006; Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water and Sanitation Crisi," Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006.
F. Barasa and T. Jelagat, "Community Participation in Project Planning, Management and Implementation: Building the Foundation for Sustainable Development," International Journal of Current Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 398-401, 2013.
S. J. Marks, K. Onda and J. Davis, "Does Sense of Ownership Matter for Rural Water System Sustainability Evidence from Kenya," Journal of Water,Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 122-133, 2013.
A. Al-Kharashi and M. Skitmore, "Causes of Delays in Saudi Arabia Public Sector Construction Projects," Construction Management & Economics, vol. 27, pp. 3-23, 2009.
O. Marren, "Factors Determining Project Implementation of Health Projects in Gedo Region, Somalia," Journal of Business Management, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 122-133, 2016.
S. Inglis and J. Maclean, Research and Inquiry. In Parkhouse, B.L., Ed. The Management of Sport: Its foundation and application, Boston: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2005, pp. 15-30.
B. B. Kawulich, Myers Briggs Type Indicator. In Larry Sullivan (Ed.), Sage Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishers, 2009. 416
S. Verba, K. . L. Schlozman and H. E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
P. Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, London and New York: Penguin Books, 1972.
R. Chambers, Rural Development: Putting the last first, Harlow: Longman Publishers, 1983.
G. Mohan, 'Participatory development’, in Desai. V and R. Potter (ed.), The Arnold companion to development studies, London, UK: Hodder, 2001, p. 49–54.
S. Stein and T. Harper, "The Paradox of Planning in a Multicultural Liberal Society: A Paradigmatic Reconciliation," Urban Planning in a Multicultural Society, pp. 67-82, 2000.
G. M. Kim-Ju, G. Y. Mark, R. N. Cohen, O. Garcia-Santiago and P. Nguyen, "Community Mobolization and its Application to youth Violence Prevention," American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. S5-S12, 2008.
S. R. Arnstein, "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," Journal of American Planning Association, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 216-224, 1969.
U. Sekaran, Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Tool, 3rd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
C. R. Kothari, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2nd Revised Edition ed., New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers, 2010.
C. Hakim, Work - Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century: Preference Theory, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000.
A. Tashakkori and C. Teddlie, Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers Ltd, 2003.
J. W. Creswell and V. L. Plano Clark, Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Thousand Oaks, Carlifornia: Sage Publications Ltd, 2011.
J. W. Creswell, Research Design, Quantitative, Qualititative and Mixed Method Approaches, University of Nebraska, Lincoln: SAGE Publishers Ltd, 2003.
A. Bryman, Quantity and Quality in Social Research, 2nd ed., London: Routledge, 2004.
CIDP 2018-2022, "Second Generation County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022," Government Printers, Nairobi, 2018.
J. Kirakowski, Questionnaire in Usability Engineering: A List of Frequently Asked Questions, 3rd ed., Ireland: Human Factors Research Group, 2000.
A. Mugenda and O. Mugenda, Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Nairobi: ACTS Press, 2013.
J. A. Orodho , Techniques of Writing Research Proposal and Reports in Education and Social Sciences, Nairobi: Masola Publishers, 2004.
D. K. Kombo and D. L. A. Tromp, Proposal and Thesis Writing: An Introduction, Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, Don Bosco Printing Press, 2009.
F. C. Nachmias , D. Nachmias and J. DeWaard, Research Methods in the Social Sciences, 8th ed., New York: Worth Publishers, 2014.
J. Carifio and R. J. Perla, "Ten Common Misunderstandings, Misconceptions, Persistent Myths and Urban Legends about Likert Scales and Likert Response Formats and their Antidotes," Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 106-116, 2007.
D. N. Njau and P. Ogolla, "Factors Influencing Project Scope Performance: A Case of Kenya National Youth Service Projects in Kenya," The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 207-220, 2017. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.83.9469 417
PMBOK, A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, PMI Standard, USA, 2013.
T. Schouten and P. Moriarty, Community Water, Community Management : From System to Service in Rural Areas, London : UK: ITDG publishing 103-105 Southampton Row, 2003.
W. Grimes, "Participatory Planning for Sustainable Communities; International experience in mediation, negotiation, and engagement in making plans," Durban, South Africa, 2014.
A. Umulisa, M. Mbabazize and J. Shukla, "Effects of Project Resource Planning Practices on Project Performance of Agaseke Project in Kigali, Rwanda," International Journal of Business and Management Review, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 29-51, 2015.
S. J. Marks and J. Davis, "Does User Participation Lead to Sense of Ownership for Rural Water Systems? Evidence from Kenya," World Development, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1569-76, 2012.
G. Idoro, "Evaluating Levels of Project Planning and their Effects on Performance in the Nigerian Construction Industry," Construction Economics and Building, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 39-50, 2012.
R. Johnson and A. J. Onwuegbuzie, "Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come," American Educational Research Association, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 14-26, 2004.
C. S. Ridenour and I. Newman, Mixed Methods Research: Exploring the Interactive Continuum, Varbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008.
A. Tashakkori and C. Teddlie, Introduction to Mixed Methods and Mixed Model Studies in the Social and Behavioural Sciences. In V.L Plano-Clark & J.W Creswell (Eds.), The Mixed Methods Reader, 2008, pp. 7-26.
S. Murcott, "Decentralized Household Water Treatment and Sanitation Systems," 2005.
S. J. Marks, K. Onda and J. Davis, "Does User Participation Lead to Sense of Ownership for Rural Water Systems Evidence from Kenya," Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1569-1576, 2012.
UN, "Annual Report 2018," UN-Water, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
M. Simon and J. Goes, "Dissertation and scholarly research: Recipes for success," 2012.
FAO, " FIGIS Topics and issues fact sheet: fisheries governance. Fishery Policy and Planning Division," Rome, Italy, 2001.
J. Neyman, "On the Two Different Aspects of the Representative Method: The Method of Stratified Sampling and the Method of Purposive Selection," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol. 97, pp. 558-606, 1934.
T. Yamane, Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd ed., New York: Harper and Row, 1967.
L. K. Owens, "Introduction to Survey Research Design," SRL Fall 2002 Seminar Series, 2002.
E. Babbie, Survey Research Methods, Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2003.
CDC, "CDC Unified Process Practices Guide: Project Scope Planning," University Press, 2007.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Justus K. Korir, Dorothy N. Kyalo, John Mbugua
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
