Ageism and perceptions of vulnerability: Framing of Age during the during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Authors

  • Frauke Schnell
  • Jasmin Tahmaseb McConatha
  • Jaqueline Magnarelli
  • Jordan Broussard

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9706

Abstract

Media representations of the Covid-19 pandemic and its devastating consequences have shaped people’s fears, anxiety, and perceptions of vulnerability. Social scientists have examined the consequences of how information is “framed.” Framing theory asserts that issues can be portrayed differently by emphasizing or de-emphasizing aspects and information. According to Lakoff (2004) the impact of a message is not based on what is said but how it is said. Theories of framing focus on how the media frames issues, which then structure and shape attitudes and policies. A news article serves as a frame for an intended message. This paper examines the ways that “age” has been framed during the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the most dominant frames in terms of COVID-19 coverage is how the pandemic has been analyzed through the lens of age and framed in terms of age discrimination.  The results of news articles appearing in several prominent newspapers indicate that the perceptions of elders and their vulnerabilities to severe consequences from Covid-19 are likely to help perpetuate or create age discrimination.

References

Agronin, M. (2020, April 19). Why It’s So Hard to Talk to Your Parents About the Coronavirus. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-its-so-hard-to-talk-to-your-parents-about-the-coronavirus-andvice-versa-11587236112

Aronson, L. (2020, March 22). ‘Covid-19 Kills Only Old People.’ Only?. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/22/opinion/coronavirus-elderly.html

Bissell Brown, V. (2020, March 16). The coronavirus means I can’t take care of my grandchildren while their parents work. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/03/16/grandparentschild-care-coronavirus/

Callaghan, K., & Schnell, F. (2001). Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse. Political Communication, 18(2), 183-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322970 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2009). Percent of U.S. Adults 55 and Over with Chronic Conditions. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/health_policy/adult_chronic_conditions.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020a, May 14). People Who Are at Higher Risk. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html 175 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020b, May 13). Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Demographic and Geographic Characteristics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid_weekly/index.htm#AgeAndSex

Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x

Conger, K. & Griffith, E. (2020, March 28). As Life Moves Online, an Older Generation Faces a Digital Divide. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/technology/virus-older-generation-digitaldivide.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article

Edwards, E. (2020, March 17). Not just older people: Younger adults are also getting the coronavirus. NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/not-just-older-people-younger-adults-are-alsogetting-coronavirus-n1160416

Fingerhut, H. (2020, April 6). AP-NORC poll: Pandemic impact varies by age, income level. AP News. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/baa0cf1990005bf3097eb4962e627be6

Fingersh, J. (2020, April 15). When Older Relatives Shrug at Coronavirus Restrictions. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/well/family/coronavirus-elderly-relatives-quarantine.html

Flynn, M. (2020, March 16). From Bourbon Street to Miami Beach, America’s party people ignored pleas for social distancing. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/03/16/coronavirus-bars-lockdowns-closures/Friedman, H. (2020, April 29). Impossible Coronavirus Decisions and the Price Tag on Human Life. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/04/29/magazine/impossible-coronavirus-decisions-price-taghuman-life/

Gamson W. A. (1992). Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1987). The changing culture of affirmative action. In R. G. Braungart & M. M. Braungart (Eds.), Research in Political Sociology (Vol. 3, pp. 137-177). Greenwich, CN: JAI Press.

Garg, S., Kim, L., Whitaker, M., O’Halloran, A., Cummings, C., Holstein, R., Prill, M., Chai, S. J., Kirley, P. D., Alden, N. B., Kawasaki, B., Yousey-Hindes, K., Niccolai, L., Anderson, E. J., Openo, K. P., Weigel, A., Monroe, M. L., Ryan, P., Henderson, J., … Fry, A. (2020). Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(15), 458–464. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3

Glick, P., & Cuddy, A. (2020, April 24). The expendables in the coronavirus pandemic: The elderly and those with disabilities. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/04/24/opinion/expendablescoronavirus-pandemic-elderly-those-with-disabilities/

Goffman, E. (1986). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Northeastern University Press.

Haynes, C., Merolla, J., & Ramakrishnan, S. K. (2016). Framing Immigrants: News Coverage, Public Opinion, and Policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible?: How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.341

Kinder, D., & Sanders, L. (1990). Mimicking Political Debate with Survey Questions: The Case of White Opinion on Affirmative Action for Blacks. Social Cognition, 8(1), 73-103

Kukula, E. (2020, March 19). My Life Is More ‘Disposable’ During This Pandemic. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/opinion/coronavirus-disabled-health-care.html

Lakoff, G. (2004). Don’t Think of an Elephant!: Know your values and frame the debate. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co. 176

Mendelberg, T. (1997). Executing Hortons: Racial Crime in the 1988 Presidential Campaign. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 134.

Mastroianni, J. (2020, March 03). ‘Real people won’t die’: Rhetoric around who is at risk of coronavirus infection sparks debate over ageism, ableism. National Post. Retrieved from https://nationalpost.com/news/world/realpeople-wont-die-why-the-rhetoric-around-who-is-at-risk-for-coronavirus-is-so-harmful

Pariser, E. (2020, March 9). Call your mom: The generational politics of Covid-19. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/10/opinion/call-your-mom-generational-politics-covid-19/

Roser, M., & Ritchie, H. (2020). Cancer: Cancer Deaths by Age. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/cancer#cancer-deaths-by-age

Ryan, C., & Gamson, W. (2006). The Art of Reframing Political Debates. Contexts, 5(1), 13-18.

Sadruddin, A. F. A, & Inhorn, M. C. (2020). Aging, Vulnerability and Questions of Care in the Time of COVID-19. Anthropology Now, 12(1), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/19428200.2020.1760633

Sargent, G. (2020, March 24). A viral plea to let grandparents sacrifice themselves captures a truth about Trump. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/24/viral-on-air-pleacaptures-an-essential-truth-about-trump/

Shen, F., & Edwards, H. H. (2005). Economic Individualism, Humanitarianism, and Welfare Reform: A Value-Based Account of Framing Effects. Journal of Communication, 55(4), 795–809. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03023.x

Sweetland, J., Volmert, A., & O’Neil, M. (2017). Finding the Frame: An Empirical Approach to Reframing Aging and Ageism. Retrieved from http://frameworksinstitute.org/assets/files/aging_elder_abuse/aging_research_report_final_2017.pdf

Terkildsen, N., & Schnell, F. (1997). How Media Frames Move Public Opinion: An Analysis of the Women's Movement. Political Research Quarterly, 50(4), 879-900. doi:10.2307/448991

Terkildsen, N., Schnell, F. I., & Ling, C. (1998). Interest groups, the media, and policy debate formation: an analysis of message structure, rhetoric, and source cues. Political Communication, 15(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846098199127

Yazdanyar, A., & Newman, A. B. (2009). The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 25(4), 563-vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.007

Yuko, E. (2020, May 20). Why Older People Might Suffer Most, Post-Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/covid-19-pandemic-agism-older-americans-1002935/

Downloads

Published

2021-02-16

How to Cite

Schnell, F., McConatha, J. T., Magnarelli, J., & Broussard, J. (2021). Ageism and perceptions of vulnerability: Framing of Age during the during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9706