Incipient Racism? When Does it Start? Racial Attitude Development in Young Children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.79.9101Abstract
The present study examined the forerunners of racial attitudes in two groups of children (from Black families and White families). Assessments of various cognitive and perceptual skills were conducted longitudinally at seven age points from six months to three years of age. Racial attitudes were present in almost half of the children by three, although not all had yet exhibited mastery of underlying skills. Both groups of children exhibited similar pro-same race attitudes at 36 months, but some divergence in developmental patterning began at 30 months of age. Some parental behaviors such as parental willingness to discuss race and diversity of the child’s environment were related to attitudes at three.
References
Carter, R.T. (1991). Racial identity and psychological functioning – Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 19(3), 105-114
Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1939). The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identity in Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 10. 591-599.
Cross, W. (1985). Black identity: Rediscovering the distinction between personal identity and reference group orientation. In M. Spencer, G. Brookins, & W. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of Black children (pp.155-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Jones, J.M. (1993). Racism and civil rights: Right problem. Wrong Solution. Invited address to Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 101st Annual Convention, American Psychological Association. Toronto, August, 1993. 782
Katz, P. A. (2020). Incipient Racism? When Does it Start? Racial Attitude Development in Young Children. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(9)
Katz, P.A., & Kofkin, J.A. (1997). Race, gender and the young child. In S. Luthar, J.Burack, D.Cicchetti & J. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental perspectives on risk and psychopathology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Murray, C.B. & Mandara, J. Racial Identity Development in Africa American children: Cognitive and Experiential Antecedents. In McAdoo, H. P. (Ed.), Black Children (Second Ed.), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2002.
Neville, H.A., Awad, G.H., Brooks, J.E., Flores, M.P. &Bluemel, A.J. Color-Blind racial Ideology: Theory, Training and Measurement Implications in Psychology. September, 2013, American Psychologist, Vol. 68, No. 6,455-466.
Pahlke, E., Bigler, R.S., Suizzo, M-A. (2012). Relations between colorblind socialization and children racial bias: Evidence from European American mothers and their preschool children. Child Development 83, 1164-1179. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01770.x
Pahlke, E., Bigler, R.S, & Suizzo, M. Relations Between Colorblind Socialization and Children's Racial Bias: Evidence from European American Mothers and Their Preschool Children. Child Development, 2012, Vol. 83 Number 4,1364-Rutland, A., and Killen, M. A Developmental Science Approach to Reducing Prejudice and Social Exclusion: Intergroup Processes, Social-Cognitive Development and Moral Reasoning. Social Issues and Policy Review, Vol 9, No. 1, 2015, pp.
Scott, K.E., Shutts K., & Devine, P.G.: Parents` Role in Addressing Children`s Racial Bias: The Case Speculation Without Evidence, published August 10, 2020.
Spencer, M.B. (1984) Black children's race awareness, racial attitudes, and self concept: A reinterpretation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25 (3), 433-441.
Williams, J.E., Best, D.L., Boswell, D.A., Mattson, L.A., & Graves, D.J. (1975 ). Preschool Racial Attitudes Measure II. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35. 3-18.
Zalk, S.R. & Katz, P.A. (1976). The Katz-Zalk Projective Prejudice Test: A measure of racial attitudes in children. Journal Supplement Abstract Service, 6, 37-38.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Phyllis A. Katz

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
