Has a Mother’s Role been Substituted? A Study of Mother’s Empathy toward their Young Children in Jakarta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.61.6041Abstract
Regardless of woman status (whether a housewife or a career woman), the number of mothers who need to employ nannies are increased, particularly in Jakarta. In consequence, the mother’s empathy is needed to detect each changes that could potentially harm children’s physical and psychological healthiness relationship due to different caregivers explain this sentence. The current research aims to investigate mother’s empathy toward their young children in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 250 mothers who have children under the age of seven completed the empathy scale that was adapted from The Basic Empathy Scale (BES) by Jolliffe and Farrington (2006). There were 88 mothers with nannies and 159 mothers without nannies participated in this research. All mothers were divided into three categories of working status, i.e full-time mothers (60%), full-time working mothers (32.8%) and part-time working mothers (6.8%). The result revealed that there is significant difference of affective empathy between mothers who have nannies compared to mothers with no nannies. Mothers without nannies were found having higher affective empathy than mothers with nannies. In addition, there is also a difference of cognitive empathy between full time mothers and working mothers where full time mothers show higher mean score than working mothers. This finding implies the significancy of attachment between mothers and children relationship in the interest of developing mothers’ empathy. Through attachment, mothers with nannies might elevate their skill to emphatize both cognitively and affectively, thus, mothers could identify and understand their children’s need more accurately.
Keywords: mothers, empathy, affective-cognitive empathy, nanniesReferences
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985) Patterns of mother-infant attachment: Antecedents and effects on development. Bulletin of New York Academy of Medicine, 61, 771–790.
APPSI (2015, January 20). Kelas menengah tambah banyak, permintaan PRT makin tinggi. https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/2807936/kelas-menengah-tambah-banyak-permintaan-jasaprt-makin-tinggi
Baron-Cohen, S. & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 34(2), 163-175.
Borba. M. (2002). Building moral intelligence. San Fransisco: A Wiley Imprint.
Bruck, M., Melnyk, L., & Ceci, S. J. (2000). Draw it again Sam: The effect of drawing on children’s suggestibility and source monitoring ability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 169-196.
Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988–998.
Davis, H. M. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 2-19.
Davis, H. M. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51, 167-184.
Dix, T. (1992). Parenting on behalf of the child: Empathic goals in the regulation of responsive parenting. In I. E.
Sigel, A. V. McGillicuddy- DeLisi, & J. J. Goodnow (Eds.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (2nd ed., pp. 319 –346). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers Field, T. (1994). The effects of mother’s physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59. 208-227.
Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 7-27.
Gerintya, S. (2017, November 21). 73.7 Persen anak Indonesia mengalami kekerasan di rumahnya sendiri. Dilansir dari https://tirto.id/737-persen-anak-indonesia-mengalami-kekerasan-di-rumahnya-sendiri-cAnG.
Glevaanu, S. M., & Gherghinescu, R. (2014). Nannies’ abilities to relate woth the child as predictors for professional performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 127, 26-30.
Greenfield, P. M., Flores, A., Davis, H. and Salimkhan, G. (2008). What happens when parents and nannies come from different cultures? Comparing the caregiving belief systems of nannies and their employers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 4, 326-336.
Gupta, A. M. (2015). Mothers’ cognitive empathy towards their biracial children. Thesis. Claremont Colleges. (scholarship.claremont.edu).
Hakansson, J. (2003). Exploring the phenomenon of empathy. Doctoral Dissertation. Stockholm University. Sweden: National Museum, Stockholm.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hoffman, M.L. (2000). The measurement of empathy. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Measuring emotions in infants and children (pp. 279-296). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Jolliffe, D. ,& Farrington, D.P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476.
Jolliffe, D. ,& Farrington, D.P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611.
Kilpatrick, K. L. (2006). Parental empathy and child maltreatment. Research to Practice Notes.
Manczak, E. M., Chen, E., & DeLongs, A. (2015). Does empathy have a cost? Diverging psychological and physiological effects within families. Health Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ hea0000281.
Martin, J. E., & Kourany, R. F. C. (1980). Child abuse by adolescent babysitters. Child Abuse and Neglect, 4, 15-22.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamic development and cognitive consequences of attach- ment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 77–102.
Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2010). Harsh family climate in early life presages the emergence of a proinflammatory phenotype in adolescence. Psychological Science, 21, 848-856.
Nummenmaa, L. Hirvonen, J., Parkkola, R., & Hietanen, J. K. (2008). Is emotional contagiom special? An fMRI study on neural systems for affective and cognitive empathy. NeuroImage, 43, 571-580.
Oppenheim, D., Koren-Karie, N., & Sagi, A. (2001). Mothers’ empathic understanding of their preschoolers’ internal experience: Relations with early attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(1), 16-26.
Perry, B. D. (2001). Bonding and attachment in maltreated children. The ChildTrauma Academy. www.ChildTrauma.org.
Quinn, M.M. (1991). Attachment between mothers and their down syndrome infants. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 13, 382-396.
Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84–95.
Santrock, J.W. (2011). Life-Span Development. McGraw Hill.
Soenens, B., Duriez, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Gossens, L. (2007). The intergenerational transmission of empathyrelated responding in adolescence: The role of maternal support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 2990311.
Stern, J., Borelli, J., & Smiley, P. (2015). Assessing parental empathy: A role for empathy in child attachment. Attachment & Human Development, 17(1), 1-22.
Troyer, D., & Greitmeyer, T. (2018). The impact of attachment orientations on empathy in adults: Considering the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies and negative affectivity. Personal and Individual Differences, 122, 198-205.
Weiss, L. (2003). How to read your child like a book. Batam: Interaksara.
Yu J, Kirk M. (2008). Measuring of empathy in nursing research: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64(5):440-454.
Yusuf, Y. (2017, March 17). Komnas PA: Jakarta masih rawan kasus kekerasan anak. Dilansir dari https://metro.sindonews.com/read/1189059/171/komnas-pa-jakarta-masih-rawan-kasus-kekerasan-anak-
Zimerman, A., & McK.Doan, H. (2007). Empathy: It’s relationship to prenatal attachment and previous parenting experience. International Journal Prenatal and Perinatal and Medicine, 1(2), 29-41.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
