The Political Economy of the United States in the Era of Hatred and Partisan Polarization

Authors

  • Oluwole Owoye

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.511.5578

Abstract

This paper uses conceptual economics to analyze the consequences of the rising racial-gender hatred and partisan polarization on the political economy of the United States. The upsurge in hate crimes nationwide is due to the politicians’ peddling of hate-creating stories and false narratives. This paper identifies and discusses the three interdependent institutions through which hatred and partisan polarization could destabilize the political economy; and tests whether the increasing racial-gender hate crimes, partisan polarization, and government shutdowns have adverse effects. The statistical tests confirm the research hypotheses about the rising racial-gender hate crimes; and that partisan polarization and government shutdowns have negative effects on Congressional productivity in the United States.

References

Abramowitz, Alan I. (2010). The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Aldrich, John. (1995). Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. University of Chicago Press.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, John M. de Figueiredo, and James M. Snyder. (2003). “Why is There so Little Money in U.S. Politics?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1): 105-130.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, Jonathan Rodden, and James M. Snyder. 2006. “Purple America.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(2): 97-118.

Azzimonti, Marina. (2014). “Partisan Conflict” Working Paper No. 14-19, Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 1-39. www.philadelphiafed.org/research-and-data.

Azzimonti, Marina. (2018). “Partisan Conflict and Private Investment.” Journal of Monetary Economics 93(1): 114-The objective of “America First” is to deconstruct the “administrative state” and globalization and to signal to other ethnonationalist racists, especially the European countries, to promote the same ethnonationalistic ideologies under similar label – e.g. “Britain First,” “France First,” “Germany First,” and so on.

Owoye, O. (2018). The Political Economy of the United States in the Era of Hatred and Partisan Polarization. Advances in Social Sciences Research

Bafumi, Joseph, and Michael C. Herron. (2010). “Leapfrog Representation and Extremism: A Study of American Voters and Their Members in Congress.” American Political Science Review 104(03): 519-542.

Bauman, Dan (2018), “After 2016 Election, Campus Hate Crimes Seemed to Jump: Here’s What the Data Tell Us,”

The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 16, 2018, 1-10.

Barber, Michael and Nolan McCarty. (2013). “Causes and Consequences of Polarization.” In Negotiating Agreement in Politics, eds. Jane Mansbridge and Cathie Jo Martin. America Political Science Association

Barber, Michael. (2016). “Ideological Donors, Contribution Limits, and the Polarization American Legislatures” Journal of Politics, 78(1): 296-310.

Baron, David P. (1994). “Electoral Competition with Informed and Uniformed Voters.” American Political Science Review 88(1): 33-47.

Bartels, Larry. (2000). “Partisanship and Voting Behavior 1952–1996.” American Journal of Political Science

Bartels, Larry. (2008). Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Bishop, Bill. (2009). The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded Americans Is Tearing Us Apart. New York: Mariner Books.

Bonica, Adam. (2013). “Ideology and Interests in the Political Marketplace.” American Journal of Political Science

Bonica, Adam, Nolan McCarthy, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. (2013). “Why Hasn’t Democracy Slowed Rising Inequality.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27(3): 103-124.

Brewer, Mark, Mack Mariani, and Jeffrey M. Stonecash. (2002). Diverging Parties: Social Change, Realignment, and Party Polarization. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Bullock, Will, and Joshua D. Clinton. (2011). “More a Molehill than a Mountain: The Effects of the Blanket Primary on Elected Officials’ Behavior from California.” Journal of Politics 73(3): 915-930.

Carsey, T. M., & Layman, G. C. (2006). “Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party Identification and Policy Preferences in the American Electorate,” American Journal of Political Science, 50(2): 464-477.

Carson, Jamie L., Michael H. Crespin, Charles J. Finocchiaro, and David W. Rohde. (2007). “Redistricting and Party Polarization in the US House of Representatives.” American Politics Research 35(6): 878 -904.

Clinton, Joshua D. (2006). “Representation in Congress: Constituents and Roll Calls in the 106th House.” Journal of Politics 68(2): 397-409.

Cooper, Michael. (2012). “Conservatives Sowed Idea of Health Care Mandate, Only to Spurn it Later.” The New York Times. February 14, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com.

Cox, Gary, and Mathew McCubbins. (2005). Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives. Cambridge University Press.

DellaVigna, Stefano, and Ethan Kaplan. (2007). “The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3): 1187-1234.

Dreid, Nadia, and Shannon Najmabadi. (2016). “Here’s a Rundown of the Latest Campus-Climate Incidents Since Trump Election,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 13, 2016.

Edwards, Mickey. (2012). The Parties Versus the People: How to Turn Republicans and Democrats into Americans. Yale University Press.

Eilperin, Juliet. (2007). Fight Club Politics: How Partisanship Is Poisoning the House of Representatives. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Ellenberg, Jordan. (2001). “Growing Apart: The Mathematical Evidence for Congress’ Growing Polarization” at www.slate.com/articles/life/do_the_math/2001/12/growing_apart.html. Accessed on May 31, 2018

Ensley, Michael J. (2009). “Individual Campaign Contributions and Candidate Ideology,” Public Choice 138(1):

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2018). FBI Hate Crime Statistics https://ucr.fbi.gov.hate-crime. Accessed June 1, 2018.

Fiorina, Morris P. (2013). “Party Homogeneity and Contentious Politics,” In Can We Talk? The Rise of Rude, Nasty, Stubborn Politics, Daniel M. Shea and Morris P. Fiorina eds. New York: Pearson: 142-153.

Fiorina, Morris P., and Samuel J. Abrams. (2008). “Political Polarization in the American Public.” Annual Review Political Science 11: 563-588.

Fiorina, Morris P., Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy Pope. (2005). Culture War? Myth of a Polarized America. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Fischer, Karin. (2016). “The Aftermath of a ‘Trump’ Incident: Fear, Anger and Resolve,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 23, 2016.

Garand, James C. (2010). “Income Inequality, Party Polarization, and Roll-Call Voting in the US Senate.” Journal of Politics 72(04): 1109-1128.

Gelman, Andrew. (2009). Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Gentzkow, Matthew, and Jesse M. Shapiro. (2006). “Media Bias and Reputation.” Journal of Political Economy

Gerber, Alan, Dean Karlan, and Daniel Bergan. (2009). “Does the Media Matter? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effect of Newspapers on Voting Behavior and Political Opinions.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics

Gilens, Martin. (2012). Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Gilmour, John. (1995). Strategic Disagreement: Stalemate in American Politics. University of Pittsburgh Press.

Glaeser, Edward L. (2005). “The Political Economy of Hatred,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(1): 45-86.

Groseclose, Timothy, and Nolan McCarty. 2001. “The Politics of Blame: Bargaining before an Audience.” American Journal of Political Science 45(1): 100-119.

Groseclose, Timothy, and Jeff Milyo. 2005. “A Measure of Media Bias.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(4):

Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson. (2006). Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Hall, Robert L., and Frank W. Wayman. (1990). “Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees.” American Political Science Review 84(3): 797-820.

Hare, Christopher and Keith T. Poole. (2014). “The Polarization of Contemporary American Politics, Polity, 46(3):

Hare, Christopher, Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. (2012). “Polarization is Real (and Asymmetric).” Voteview Blog. May 16, 2018. http://voteview.com/blog/?p=494.

Hirano, Shigeo, James M. Snyder, Jr., Stephen Ansolabehere, and John Mark Hansen. (2010). “Primary Elections and Partisan Polarization in U.S. Congressional Elections.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 5(2): 169-191.

James, David. (2013). “Lawmakers in Name Only? Congress Reaches Productivity Lows.” National Public Radio. Accessed on May 31, 2018. http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/12/03/248565341/lawmakers-inname-only-congress-reaches-productivity-lows.

Jacobson, Gary C. (1990). “The Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections: New Evidence for Old Arguments.” American Journal of Political Science 34(2): 334-362.

Jones, David R. (2014). “A More Responsible Two-Party System? Accountability for Majority and Minority Party Performance in a Polarized Congress.” Polity 46(3): 470-492.

Kaufmann, Karen M., James G. Gimpel, and Adam H. Hoffman. (2003). “A Promise Fulfilled? Open Primaries and Representation.” Journal of Politics 65(2): 457-476.

Kerr, Emma. (2018). “White Supremacist Are Targeting Colleges Like Never Before,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 1, 2018.

Klein, Ezra. (2012). “Unpopular Mandate: Why Do Politicians Reverse Their Positions?” The New Yorker. June 2, 2018. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/06/25/unpopular-mandate.

Klinkner, Philip A. (2004). “Red and Blue Scare: The Continuing Diversity of the American Electoral Landscape.” The Forum (2)2.

Laband, D. N. (1986). “Congressional Junketeering: Public Sector X-Inefficiency.” Journal of Economics and Business 38: 131 - 140.

Ladewig, Jeffrey W. (2014). “Polity Symposium: Partisan Polarization and American Democracy,” Polity, 46(3):

Layman, Geoffrey, and Thomas Carsey. (2002). “Party Polarization and ‘Conflict Extension’ in the American Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science 46(4): 786-802.

Layman, Geoffrey C., Thomas M. Carsey, John C. Green, Richard Herrera, and Rosalyn Cooperman. (2010). “Activists and Conflict Extension in American Party Politics.” American Political Science Review 104(2): 324-346.

Lee, Frances. (2009). Beyond Ideology: Politics, Principles, and Partisanship in the U.S. Senate. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

Lenz, Gabriel S. 2012. Follow the Leader: How Voters Respond to Politicians’ Policies and Performance. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

Lessig, Lawrence. (2011). Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It. New York: Twelve/Hachette Book Group.

Levendusky, Matthew. (2009). The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

Levendusky, Matthew S., Jeremy C. Pope, and Simon D. Jackman. (2008). “Measuring District-Level Partisanship with Implications for the Analysis of US Elections.” Journal of Politics 70(3): 736-753.

Mann, Thomas E., and Norman J. Ornstein. (2012). It’s Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism. New York: Basic Books.

McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. (1997). Income Redistribution and the Realignment of American Politics. Washington, DC: AEI Press.

McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. (2001). “The Hunt for Party Discipline in Congress.” American Political Science Review 95(3): 673-688.

McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. (2006). Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. (2009). “Does Gerrymandering Cause Polarization?”

McClosky, Herbert, Paul J. Hoffmann, and Rosemary O’Hara. (1960). “Issue Conflict and Consensus among Party Leaders and Followers.” American Political Science Review 54(2): 406-427.

McDermont, Monika L. and Cornell Belcher. (2014). “Barack Obama and Americans’ Racial Attitudes: Rallying and Polarization” Polity 46(3): 449-469.

McGhee, Eric, Seth Masket, Boris Shor, Steven Rogers, and Nolan McCarty. (2014). “A Primary Cause of Partisanship? Nomination Systems and Legislator Ideology.” American Journal of Political Science. 58(2): 337-351.

Moon, Woojin. (2004). “Party Activists, Campaign Resources and Candidate Position Taking: Theory, Tests and Applications.” British Journal of Political Science 34(4): 611-633.

Owoye, Oluwole, and Matthew Dabros, (2017). “The Analysis of White House Occupant and Political Polarization in the United States, Review of Social Sciences, 2(4): 1-18.

Petersen, R. Eric., Terrence L. Lisbeth, Mabel Gracias, and Parker H. Reynolds. (2010). “International Travel by Congress: Legislation in the 111th Congress, Background, and Policy Options.” CRS Report R41388.

Pew Research Center. (2017). “Confidence in the U.S. President Plunges in Several Western European Countries, June 26, 2017 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/26/around-the-world-favorability-of-u-s-andconfidence-in-its-president-decline/ft_17-06-26_us_image_europe/. Accessed on June 8, 2018.

Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez. (2003). “Income Inequality in the United States 1913–1998.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(1): 1-39.

Poole, Keith T. (2007). “Changing Minds? Not in Congress!” Public Choice 131:435-451

Poole, Keith T. and Howard Rosenthal, (1984). “The Polarization of American Politics.” Journal of Politics 46(4):

Prior, Markus. (2007). Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Quintana, Chris. (2017). “Here’s a Roundup of the Latest Campus-Climate Incidents Early in the Trump Presidency,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 15, 2017.

Rasmusen, Eric. (2007). Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory, 4th Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Limited.

Roberts, Jason M. (2007). “The Statistical Analysis of Roll-Call Data: A Cautionary Tale.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 32(3): 341-360.

Roberts, Jason M., and Steven S. Smith. (2003). “Procedural Contexts, Party Strategy, and Conditional Party Voting in the US House of Representatives.” American Journal of Political Science 47(2): 305-317.

Rohde, David W. (1991). Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. University of Chicago Press.

Rosenthal, Andrew. (2012). “Nobody Likes to Talk About It, but It’s There.” The New York Times. January 3, 2018. http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com

Shaw, Daron. (2012). “If Everyone Votes Their Party, Why Do Presidential Election Outcomes Vary So Much?” The Forum 3(1), Article 1.

Shor, Boris, and Nolan McCarty. (2011). “The Ideological Mapping of American Legislatures.” American Political Science Review 105(3): 530-551.

Sinclair, Barbara. (2006). Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making. University of Oklahoma Press.

Smith, Richard A. (1995). “Interest Group Influence in the US Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 20(1): 89-

Snyder, Jr., James M., and Tim Groseclose. (2000). “Estimating Party Influence in Congressional Roll-Call Voting.”

Snyder, Jr., James M., and David Stromberg. (2010). “Press Coverage and Political Accountability,” Journal of Political Economy 118(2): 355-408.

Stone, Walt J., and Elizabeth N. Simas. (2010). “Candidate Valence and Ideological Positions in US House Elections.”

Sulkin, Tracy and Carly Schmitt. (2014). “Partisan Polarization and Legislators’ Agendas.” Polity 46(3): 430-448

Sunstein, Cass R. (2002). “The Law of Group Polarization.” Journal of Political Philosophy 10: 175-195.

Taussig, Frank W. (1931). The Tariff History of the United States: A Series of Essays, New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Theriault, Sean M. (2008). Party Polarization in Congress. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tufte, Edward R. (1973). “The Relationship between Seats and Votes in Two-Party Systems.” American Political Science Review 67(2): 540-554.

Weil, David N. (2013). Economic Growth, Addison-Wesley/Pearson Publisher.

Woodward, Vann C. (2002). The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 1955, New York: Oxford University Press.

Zoellick, R. B. (1999). “Congress and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy.” Survival 41: 20-41.

Downloads

Published

2018-11-25

How to Cite

Owoye, O. (2018). The Political Economy of the United States in the Era of Hatred and Partisan Polarization. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.511.5578