The Distorted Image of Prophet Muhammad in Percy's Mahomet and His Heaven (1601)

Authors

  • Fahd Mohammed Taleb Al-Olaqi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.414.3498

Abstract

The article critiques the portrayal image of Prophet Muhammad in William Percy's Mahomet and His Heaven (1601) (Note: 1). The play is marked with anti-Mahomet prejudice expressed in willful attempts to devalue Prophet Muhammad in order to avert the English public from Islam. The story of Haroth and Maroth in the Noble Qur’ān is misused to vilify Islam and its Prophet. Percy pinpoints some unscrupulous and offensive characterization to Prophet Muhammad to blame him for the establishment of a competitive Islamic world to Christendom. Thus, Percy exemplifies the typical Elizabethan sense of the delight in defaming Islam and Prophet Muhammad. Like Percy, some Elizabethan dramatists attacked the religious symbols of the Ottoman Islamic World to defend European Christian values. The Elizabethan hostility and anti-sentiment towards the Ottoman Empire was sceptical to the Islamic multicultural integration. The scenes of Medieval Christian polemical accounts are reproduced in dealing with Islamic theology, fallacy, prophecy, and characterization.

References

Alnassai, Ahmed (2008). Sunan Alnassai. Ed. Muhammad Albanian. Damascus, Almaarf Press.

Armstrong, Karen (1991). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. London, Phoenix Press.

Akalin, Esin. (2001). Discovering Self and Other, representations of Ottoman Turks in English Drama. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto.

Ali, Abdullah Yusuf, (1997). (trans.) The Holy Qur’ān. AL-Madina, Mujama King Fahd.

Al-Olaqi, Fahd. (2010). "Image of the Messenger Muhammad (PBUH) in English Literature”, Insights Journal, Vol 2, issue 4, July 2010. Islamic University of Pakistan.

Al-Olaqi, Fahd. (2013). "The Oriental Other Soliman the Magnificent in Kyd's Soliman and Perseda" TRAMES, 2013, 17(66/61), 2, pp.177–201. DOI: 10.3176/tr.2013.1.02.

Al-Olaqi, F. M. T. (2016). ''Western Polemic Writings about Muhammad’s Prophethood.'' Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, vol.3, no.5, pp.138-156. DoI:10.14738/assrj.35.2001.

Aston, Edward. (1611). The Manners, Lawes and Customes of all Nations. London, G. Eld. http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A16282.0001.001

Bak, Greg. (1996). ''Different Differences: Locating Moorishness in Early Modern English Culture.'' Dalhousie

Review Vol.76 (1996): 197-216.

Bayouli, Tahar. (2008). "Elizabethan Orientalism and its Contexts: The Representation of the Orient in Early Modern English Drama" IJEMS. vol I, 1, pp. 109- 128.

Benn, T. & Jawad, H. (2004). Muslim Women in the United Kingdom and Beyond: Experiences and Images. London, Brill Publishers.

Bennett, Clinton. (1992). Victorian Images of Islam. London, Grey Seal Books.

Biddulph, William. (1609). The Travels of Certaine Englishmen. London, Thomas Hameland. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A68944.0001.001

Brigden, Susan. (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors 1485-1603. London, Penguin.

Burton, Johnathan. (2009). [Review of the book] William Percy's Mahomet and His Heaven, (ed) Matthew

Dimmock, Early Theatre, Vol 12, No 1 (2009): 171-3.

Carroll, Robert and Prickett, Stephen. (eds), (1997). The Bible: Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Chew, S. C. (1937). The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England during the Renaissance. New York, Oxford University Press.

D’Amico, Jack. (1991). The Moor in English Renaissance Drama. Tampa, Florida.

Daniel, Norman. (1960). Islam and the West: The Making of an Image. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.

Dimmock, Matthew. (2013). Mythologies of the Prophet Muhammad in Early Modern English Culture. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Dimmock, Matthew. (2005). New Turkes: Dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England. Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

Dimmock, Matthew. (2006). William Percy's Mahomet and His Heaven: A Critical Edition. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

Dorman, Harry Gaylord. (1948). Towards Understanding Islam – Contemporary Apologetics of Islam and Missionary Policy. New York, Columbia University Press.

Eaton, Charles Le Gai (1985). Islam and the Destiny of Man. State University of New York Press.

Ebrahim, Fatima F. (2015). "Turning to Food: Religious Contact and Conversion in Early Modern Drama" Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. Paper 2796.

Fletcher, Giles. (1597). The Policy of the Turkish Empire. London, Iohn Windet for William Stansby. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A14028.0001.001?rgn=full+text;view=toc;q1=Policy+of+the+Turkish+Empire. Goffman, Daniel. (2002). The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Greville, Fulke. (1870). The Tragedy of Prince Mustapha (1603). London, Lancaster.

Gruber, Christiane J. (2010), The Prophet's Ascension: cross-cultural encounters with the Islamic mi'rāj tales, Christiane J. Gruber, Frederick Stephen Colby (eds), Indiana University Press.

Gruber, Christiane J. (2013). Images of the Prophet In and Out of Modernity: The Curious Case of a 2008 Mural in Tehran, in Christiane Gruber; Sune Haugbolle (17 July 2013). Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East: Rhetoric of the Image. Indiana University Press.

Hakluyt, Richard. (1600). The Principall Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation.

London, G. Bishop. Higden, Ranulph. (1527). Polychronycon. London, John Reynes. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A67922.0001.001?rgn=full+text;view=toc;q1=Polychronycon Ibn Katheer, A. (1999). Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Great interpretation of the Qur’an). Vol, 1. Damascus, Dar Taibah.

Kidwai, A.R. (1997). The Crescent and The Cross: Image of the Orient in English Literature Up to 1832. Aligarh, Aligarh Muslim University Press.

Knolles, Richard, (1603, 1701) The Generall Historie of the Turkes, London, Adam Islip.

Loomba, Ania & Burton, Jonathan (2007) Race in Early Modern England: A Documentary Companion. New York, Palgrave Macmillan

McJannet, L. (2006). The Sultan Speaks: Dialogue in English Plays and Histories about Ottoman Turks Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan

MacLean, Gerald (2007). Looking East: English Writing and the Ottoman Empire before 1800. Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.

MacLean, G. and Matar, Nabil. (2010). Britain and the Islamic World, 1558–1713. Oxford, University Press.

Mandeville, Sir John. (1982). The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. trans. C.W.R.D. Moseley. London, Penguin Book.

Matar, Nabil. (1991)."Islam in Interregnum and Restoration England," The Seventeenth Century vol.6, no. 1 (1991); pp. 67-87.

Matar, Nabil. (1998). Islam in Britain 1558-1685. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Matar, Nabil. (1999). Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery. New York, Columbia University Press.

Matar, Nabil. & Stoeckel, Rudolph. (2004). 'Europe's Mediterranean Frontier: The Moor', pp. 220-52 in Andrew Hadfield and Paul Hammond (eds), Shakespeare and Renaissance Europe. London, Arden Critical Companions.

Munro, Dana C. (1931). "The Western Attitude toward Islam during the Period of the Crusades," Speculum vol.6, no. 3 (1931): pp. 331-342.

Munster, Sebastian. (1574). A Brief Collection and compendious extract of straunge and memorable Thinges. London, TomasMarshe.http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A07871.0001.001?cite1=Munster%2C+Sebastian.;cite1restrict=author;rgn=full+text;view=toc;q1=memorable+Thinges Oueijan, Naji B. (1966). The Progress of an Image: The East in English Literature. New York, Peter Lang.

Pearsall, Derek. (1978). (ed.), William Langland's Piers Plowman. London, Edward Arnold.

Poole, Stanley Lane. (1882). Table Talk of the Prophet Muhammad. London, Macmillan.

Ramadan, Tariq (2007). The Messenger: The Meanings of the Life of Muhammad. London, Allen Lane.

Reeves, Minou. (2000). Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth–Making. New York, New York University Press.

Schmuck, Stephan. (2010). “England’s Experiences of Islam” in M. Hattaway (ed.) A New Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture. London, Oxford

Selden, John. (1992). Table Talk, or the Discourses of John Selden, in Kenneth Setton, Western Hostility to Islam and Prophecies of Turkish Doom. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.

Southern, R.W. (1962). Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, MASS, Harvard University Press.

Tyndale, William, (1940). An Answere vnto Sir Thomas Mores Dialoge (1531) ed. Henry Walter Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Tolan, John. (ed.) (2000). Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam. Routledge. Chapman.

Tolan, John. (2002). Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination. New York, Columbia University Press.

Vitkus, Daniel. (1997). “Turning Turk in Othello: The Conversion and Damnation of the Moor” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp. 145-176.

Vitkus, Daniel J. (1999). “Early Modern Orientalism: Representations of Islam in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Europe,” in David R. Blanks and Michael Frassetto, (ed.) Western Views of Islam in Mediaeval an Early Modern Europe: Perception of Other, New York, St. Martin’s Press.

Vitkus, Daniel J. (2000). Three Turk Plays from Early Modern England. New York, Columbia University Press.

Vitkus, Daniel J. (2003). Turning Turk: English Theater and the Multicultural Mediterranean, 1570-1630. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

Wann, Louis (1915) “The Oriental in Elizabethan Drama”. Modern Philology. vol.12, pp.423–447.

Watt, William Montgomery (1991). Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions. London and New York, Routledge.

Westermarck, Edward.(1933).Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilization. London, Macmillan.

Wolf, C. Umhau. (1941). “Luther and Mohammedanism'' The Moslem World. vol.31 (1941) pp.161-177.

Zimmerman, Seth. (2003). The Inferno of Dante Alighieri. iUniverse.

Downloads

Published

2017-07-24

How to Cite

Al-Olaqi, F. M. T. (2017). The Distorted Image of Prophet Muhammad in Percy’s Mahomet and His Heaven (1601). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(14). https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.414.3498