A Conceptual Framework for Multi-Tier Supply Chain Network Architecture and Resilience

Abstract

Introduction: SCN have become very strategic and intricate structures in contemporary operations management; they function both as a vector for vulnerabilities and an essential force driving competitive advantage. Being multi-tiered systems composed of nodes and links that stretch across nations and institutions' jurisdictions, such networks contain profound vulnerabilities that pose significant challenges to firm-level resilience paradigms. Objective: This paper aims at conducting an SLR of existing scientific studies that analyze the structural properties of SCNs, outline the structural mechanisms of multi-tier disruption propagation within these networks, and assess how digital technologies can be used to increase their resilience. Methodology: Employing SLR methodology in its entirety, the present study analyzes peer-reviewed papers dedicated to this problem from 2020 to 2026. Conceptual integration will be conducted using Network Theory, SCRES Theory, and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. Results: It has been found that the main structure-based predictor of disruption cascade effects in SCNs is network topology defined by such metrics as node degree distribution, geographic clustering, and multi-tier visibility depth. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that the use of digital twins, decentralized nodes, and E2E visibility contributes significantly to enhanced disruption absorption and time-to-recovery (TTR). Originality/Value: This work adds value to the field of operations management research through the formulation of a conceptual model for Digitally Enabled Supply Chain Network Resilience, which is a synthesis of the relationship between structural network topology and digital technology adoption. The final section of the paper applies these learnings to provide six practical recommendations for building resilient supply chains in the face of macroeconomic disruptions.