Histopathological Changes in the Gill and Intestine Tissues of Fish from Pichavaram Mangroves, South east Coast of India

Authors

  • Anbu Annamalai Biodiversity and GIS Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Narendran Rajendran Faculty of Marine Sciences, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
  • Manoj Kaliyappan Tamil Nadu Forest Academy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
  • Manimekalan Arunachalam Biodiversity and GIS Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/dafs.112.14359

Keywords:

Pichavaram, Mystus gulio, Mugil cephalus, gills and heavy metals, Bio accumulation

Abstract

A study was conducted to analysis the Histopathological Changes in the Gill and Intestine Tissues of Mystus gulio and Mugil cephalus from Pichavaram Mangroves for different seasons. The maximum overall metal concentrations of Iron (Fe) recorded in the gills of M. cephalus was found to be maximum in S2 as 48.41±0.72 mg/l, copper (Cu) is maximum at station 6 as 0.52±0.02 mg/l, chromium (Cr) accumulation in the gills of M. gulio was highest in S5 as 5.23±0.05 mg/l, the highest lead (Pb) accumulation in the gills of M. gulio was found to be maximum in S6 as 0.71±0.03 mg/l. Likewise, the highest Iron (Fe) accumulation in the kidney of M. gulio was found to be maximum in S2 as 36.13±0.41 mg/l followed by copper (Cu) in (S6) 0.41±0.02 mg/l, Chromium (Cr) in (S6) records at 2.98±0.06 mg/l and by lead (Pb) maximum in S5 0.64±0.06 mg/l. The highest Iron (Fe) accumulation is found in the liver of M. gulio in S2 as 29.14±0.34 mg/l, followed by copper (Cu) in (S3) 0.32±0.01 mg/l, Chromium (Cr) in (S6 and S1) as 2.98±0.06 & 2.98±0.03 mg/l respectively and in lead (Pb) the highest concentration is recorded at S6 1.10±0.06 mg/l. The highest Iron (Fe) accumulation is found in the intestine of M. gulio was found to be maximum in S6 as 29.11±0.44 mg/l and by copper (Cu) in (S6) 1.61±0.01 mg/l and chromium (Cr) in (S5) as 2.43±0.03 mg/l and in lead (Pb) at S6 1.74±0.03 mg/l. The highest Iron (Fe) accumulation is found in the muscle of M. gulio in S1 as 14.03±0.37 mg/l, followed by copper (Cu) in (S2) 1.83±0.06 mg/l, Chromium (Cr) in (S6) as 2.63±0.03 mg/l and in lead (Pb) the maximum in S6 1.52±0.03 mg/l.

References

Abarshi, M.M., Dantala, E.O. & Mada, S.B. (2017). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of croaker fish from oil spilled rivers of Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 7(6): 563–568.

Abdel-Satar, A.M. (2008). Chemistry of major ions, nutrient salts and heavy metals in the Manzalah Lake system, Egypt. Egypt. J. Aqua. Res. 34(2): 130–148.

Abdel-Satar, A.M., Geneid, Y.A. (2009). Evaluation of heavy metal status in ecosystem of Lake Manzalah, Egypt. Global. J. Environ. Res. 3(3): 194–204.

Abou El-Gheit, E.N., Abdo, M.H. & Mohmoud, S.A. (2012). Impact of blooming phenomenon on water quality and fishes in Qarun Lake, Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (IJESE) 3: 11–23.

Adams, S.M. Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress; American Fisheries Society: New York, NY, USA, 2002.

Adeboyejo, A.O.; Clarke, E.O.; Hammed, A.M.; Adaramoye, R.O. Haematological and Hepatic Responses of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus to Sublethal Exposure of Industrial Effluents from Ologe Lagoon Environs, Lagos, Nigeria. J. Food Sci. Eng. 2018, 8, 198–209.

Afonso, C.; Lourenço, H.M.; Pereira, C.; Martins, M.F.; Carvalho, M.L.; Castro, M.; Nunes, M.L. Total and organic mercury, selenium and α-tocopherol in some deep-water fish species. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2008, 88, 2543–2550.

Agrawal, A.; Catalini, C.; Goldfarb, A.; NET Institute Working paper, no. The Geography of Crowdfunding; NET Institute Working paper no. 10-08; National Bureau of Economic Research: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010.

Ahmed, Md.K., Abdul Baki, M., Kundu, G.K., Islam, Md.S., Islam, Md.M. et al. (2016). Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga River, Bangladesh. Springer Plus 5: 1697

Al-Attar AM. Changes in hematological parameters of the fish, Oreochromis niloticus treated with sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 2005;8(3):421–4.

Alesci, A.; Cicero, N.; Fumia, A.; Petrarca, C.; Mangifesta, R.; Nava, V.; Lo Cascio, P.; Gangemi, S.; Di Gioacchino, M.; Lauriano, E.R. Histological and Chemical Analysis of Heavy Metals in Kidney and Gills of Boops boops: Melanomacrophages Centers and Rodlet Cells as Environmental Biomarkers. Toxics 2022, 10, 218. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/toxics10050218

Al-Ghanim, K.A., Ahmed, Z., Al. Balwi, H.A., Al-Misned, F., Mahboob, S., Suliman, El., 2019. Accumulation and histological transformation in the gills, liver, muscles, and skin in Oreochromis niloticus induced by mercury. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1710-50

Alinnor IJ, Obiji IA. Assessment of trace metal composition in fish samples from Nworie River. Pakistan J Nutri. 2010;9(1):81–5.

Al-Yousuf, M.H., El-Shahawi, M.S. & Al-Ghais, S.M. (2000). Trace metals in liver, skin and muscle of Lethrimus lentjan fish species in relation to body length and sex. The Science of the Total Environment 256(2–3): 87–94. Au DW. The application of histo-cytopathological biomarkers in marine pollution monitoring: a review. Mar Pollut Bull. 2004 May;48(9-10):817-34. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.02.032. PMID: 15111029.

Austin B. The effects of pollution on fish health. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1998; 85(1):234S-242S.

Authman, M. & Abbas, H. (2007). Accumulation and distribution of copper and zinc in both water and some vital tissues of two fish species (Tilapia zillii and Mugil cephalus) of Lake Qarun, Fayoum Province, Egypt. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10(13): 2106–2122.

Ayoola, S.O.; Alajabo, O.T. Acute Toxicity and Histopathological Effects of Engine Oil on Sarotherodon melanotheron (Black Jaw Tilapia). Am.-Eurasian J. Toxicol. Sci. 2012, 4, 48–55.

Bernet, D., Schmdit, H., Meier, W., Burkhardt-Holm, P. and Wahli, T., 1999. Histopathology in fish: proposal for a protocol to assess aquatic pollution. J. Fish Dis., 22: 25- 34.

Bhadbhade, B.J. & Sarnaik, S.S. & Kanekar, Pradnya. (2002). Biomineralization of an organophosphorus pesticide, Monocrotophos, by soil bacteria. Journal of applied microbiology. 93. 224-34. 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01680. x.

Bhuyan, G., Anandhan, R., Kavitha, V., 2014. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of fish tissue of Oreochromis mossambicus collected from Kedilam river Cuddalore Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotech. 2 (2), 135–141.

Camargo, M.M.P.; Martinez, C.B.R. Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 2007, 5, 327–336.

Chouvelon, T.; Spitz, J.; Caurant, F.; Mèndez-Fernandez, P.; Autier, J.; Lassus-Débat, A.; Chappuis, A.; Bustamante, P. Enhanced bioaccumulation of mercury in deep-sea fauna from the Bay of Biscay (North-East Atlantic) in relation to trophic positions identified by analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2012, 65, 113–124.

Clarke, M.L., Harvey, D.G. & Humphreys, D.J. (1981). Veterinary Toxicology. London: Bailliere Tindall Dautremepuits C, Paris-Palacios S, Betoulle S, Vernet G. Modulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced by copper and chitosan. Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2004; 137:325-333.

Dave, G & Xiu, R (1991). Toxicity of mercury, copper, nickel, lead and cobalt to embryos and larval of Zebra fish Brachydanio rerio. Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21: 126–134.

Di Bella, G.; Potortì, A.G.; Turco, V.L.; Bua, D.; Licata, P.; Cicero, N.; Dugo, G. Trace elements in Thunnus thynnus from Mediterranean Sea and benefit–risk assessment for consumers. Food Addit. Contam. Part B 2015, 8, 175–

Dimari, G.A., Abdulrahman, J.C. & Garba, S.T. (2008). Metals concentrations in tissues of Tilapia gallili, Clarias lazera and Osteo glossidae caught from Alau Dam, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 4(4): 373–379

Dinodia GS, Gupta RK, Jain KL. Effect of cadmium toxicity on liver glycogen in some freshwater fishes. Proceeding of XI National Symposium on Environment. 2002; 11:236-238

Elmorsi, R.R., Abou-El-Sherbini, K.S., Mostafa, G.A. & Hamed, M.A. (2019) Distribution of essential heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Heliyon 5(8): e02276.

El-Naggar, N., Rifaat, A.E. & Khalil, M.Kh. (2016) Numerical modeling on water flow in Manzala Lake, Nile Delta, Northern Egypt. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences 3(4): 28–44. El-Nagger AM, Mohamoud SA, Tayel SI. Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals and histopathological alterations in liver of Oreochromis niloticus in relation to water quality at different localities along the River Nile, Egypt.

World J Fish Mar Sci. 2009;1(2):105–14.

Feist, S.; Stentiford, G.; Kent, M.; Santos, A.R.; Lorance, P. Histopathological assessment of liver and gonad pathology in continental slope fish from the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Environ. Res. 2015, 106, 42–50.

Fonseca, A.; Fernandes, L.F.S.; Fontaínhas-Fernandes, A.; Monteiro, S.M.; Pacheco, F. The impact of freshwater metal concentrations on the severity of histopathological changes in fish gills: A statistical perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 599–600, 217–226.

Forstner V, Wittman GTW. Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. New York: Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg; 1986.

Gaber, H.S. & Gaber, S.A. (2006). The effect of water quality of Lake Quarun on liver and gonads of Oreochromis aureus (L.) and Tilapia zillii (Gev.). Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 32(2): 335–349.

Gernhöfer, M.; Pawert, M.; Schramm, M.; Müller, E.; Triebskorn, R. Ultrastructural biomarkers as tools to characterize the health status of fish in contaminated streams. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress Recover. 2001, 8, 241–Gusma EP, Rodrigues V, Moreira CB, Romano LA, Sampaio LA, Miranda-Filho KC. Growth and histopathological effects of chronic exposition of marine Pejerrey Odontesthes argentinensis larvae to petroleum water soluble fraction. Royal Swedish Academy of Science. 2012; 41:456-466.

Hashem, M.H., Tayel, S.I., Sabra, E.A., Yacoub, A.M. & Heiba, A.A. (2020). Impact of the water quality of El-Rahawy. Drain on some genetic and histopathological aspects of Oreochromis niloticus. Egypt J. Aquat. Biol. & Fish. 24(2): Hermenean, A.; Gheorghiu, G.; Stan, M.S.; Herman, H.; Onita, B.; Ardelean, D.P.; Ardelean, A.; Braun, M.; Zsuga, M.; Kéki, S.; et al. Biochemical, Histopathological and Molecular Responses in Gills of Leuciscus cephalus Exposed to Metals. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2017, 73, 607–618.

Humason GL. 1979. Animal Tissue Techniques, 4th ed. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Ibrahim, S.A. & Mahmoud, S.A. (2005). Effect of heavy metals accumulation on enzyme activity and histology in liver of some Nile fish in Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. & Fish. 9(1): 203– 219

Kalaiyarasi T, Jayakumar N, Jawahar P, Ahilan B and Subburaj A (2017). Histological changes in the gill and liver of marine spotted catfish, Arius maculatus from sewage disposal site, Therespuram off Thoothukudi, Southeast coast of India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(5): 1710-1715

Kamble GB, Muley DV. Effect of acute exposure of endosulfan and chlorpyriphos on the biochemical composition of the freshwater fish, Sarothero mossambicus. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2000; 4(1):97-102

Kaur, S.; Khera, K.S.; Kondal, J.K. Heavy Metal Induced Histopathological Alterations in Liver, Muscle and Kidney of Freshwater Cyprinid, Labeo Rohita (Hamilton). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2018, 6, 2137–2144.

Khan, M.S.; Javed, M.; Rehman, T.; Urooj, M.; Ahmad, I. Heavy metal pollution and risk assessment by the battery of toxicity tests. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 16593.

La Torre, G.L.; Cicero, N.; Bartolomeo, G.; Rando, R.; Vadalà, R.; Santini, A.; Durazzo, A.; Lucarini, M.; Dugo, G.; Salvo, A. Assessment and Monitoring of Fish Quality from a Coastal Ecosystem under High Anthropic Pressure: A Case Study in Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3285.

Lauriano, E.R.; Zuwała, K.; Kuciel, M.; Budzik, K.A.; Capillo, G.; Alesci, A.; Pergolizzi, S.; Dugo, G.; Zaccone, G. Confocal ˙ immunohistochemistry of the dermal glands and evolutionary considerations in the caecilian, Typhlonectes natans (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Acta Zool. 2016, 97, 154–164

Lenntech, K. Water Treatment and Air Purification; Lenntech: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2004.

Mabrouk, D.B.M. Aspects of Manzalah Lake Pollution on Mugil Species. Ph.D. Thesis, Ain Shams University, El Cairo, Egypt, 2004.

Mahboob, S., Al-Ghanim, K.A., Al-Balawi, H.F., Al-Misned, F. & Ahmed, Z. (2020). Toxicological effects of heavy metals on histological alterations in various organs in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from freshwater reservoir. Journal of King Saud University- Science 32(1): 970–973.

Mahmoud, S.A. & El-Naggar, A.M. (2017). Alterations in Clarias gariepinus caused by pollutants at El-Rahawy area, Rosetta branch, River Nile, Egypt. J. Egypt. Acad. Environ. Develop.8(2): 61–70.

Markmanuel, D.P. & Horsfall, Jnr M. (2016). Evaluation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of cadmium and nickel in land snails (A. achatina and L. flammea) and marine snails (P. aurita and T. fuscatus) commonly consumed in Nigeria. Acta Chim. Pharm. Indica 6(4): 123–134.

Mela, M.R., Ventura, F., Carvalho, D.F., Pelletier, C.E. & Ribeiro, C.A. (2007). Effects of dietary methylmercury on liver and kidney histology in the neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 68(3): 426–435.

Mladin, B.O.; Albu, P.; Herman, H.; Balta, C.; Lazar, V.; Fulop, A.; Baranyai, E.; Harangi, S.; Keki, S.; Nagy, L.; et al. Correlation between Heavy Metal-Induced Histopathological Changes and Trophic Interactions between Different Fish Species. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3760.

Mohamed FAS. Bioaccumulation of selected metals and histopathological alterations in tissues of Oreochromis niloticus and Lates niloticus from Lake Nasser, Egypt. Global Vet. 2008;2(4):205–18.

Moiseenko TI, Gashkina NA, Sharova YN, Kudryavtseva LP (2008) Ecotoxicological assessment of water quality and ecosystem health: A case study of the Volga River. Ecotoxicol. Environ Saf 71: 837-850.

Mormede, S.; Davies, I.M. Horizontal and vertical distribution of organic contaminants in deep-sea fish species. Chemosphere 2003, 50, 563–574.

Naccari, C.; Cicero, N.; Ferrantelli, V.; Giangrosso, G.; Vella, A.; Macaluso, A.; Naccari, F.; Dugo, G. Toxic Metals in Pelagic, Benthic and Demersal Fish Species from Mediterranean FAO Zone 37. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015, 95, 567–573.

Nriagu, J.O.; Pacyna, J.M. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 1988, 333, 134–139.

Omar Shaik AM. Histopathological Response of the Intestinal Tissue of Lignose Emperor Lethrinus elongates To Crude Oil Exposure, Global. Advanced Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology. 2012; 1(9):211-214.

Panebianco, F.; Nava, V.; Giarratana, F.; Gervasi, T.; Cicero, N. Assessment of heavy- and semi-metals contamination in edible seaweed and dried fish sold in ethnic food stores on the Italian market. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2021, 104, 104150.

Puttaiah ET, Kiran BR. Heavy metal transport in a sewage fed Lake of Karnataka, India. In: Edited by Sengupta M, Dalwani R. Proceedings of Taal2007. The 12th World Lake Conference; Jaipur, India 2008.

Rajfur, M. Algae—Heavy Metals Biosorbent/Glony—Biosorbent Metali Ci ˛ezkich. ˙ Ecol. Chem. Eng. S 2013, 20, Raju, K.V.; Somashekar, R.K.; Prakash, K.L. Metal Concentration in Fresh Water Fish Organs. Open J. Met. 2013, 3, Reish, D.L.; Oshida, P.S. (Eds.) Manual of Methods in Aquatic Environment Research. 10: Short-Term Static Bioassays/by Donald L. Reish and Philip S. Oshida; FAO Fisheries Technical Paper: Rome, Italy, 1987; ISBN 978-92-5-102517-8.

Rubio, R., Tineo, P., Torreblance, A., Del-Romo, J. & Mayans, J.D. (1991). Histological and electron microscopical observations on the effects of lead on gills and midget gland of Procamarus clarkii. Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry 31(1): 347–352.

Saad, S.M.M., El-Deeb, A.E., Tayel, S.I. & Ahmed, N.A.M. (2011). Haematological and histopathological studies on Clarias gariepinus in relation to water quality along Rossetta Branch, River Nile, Egypt. Egypt. J. Exp. Bio. (Zool.) 7(2): 223–233

Shah, N.; Khan, A.; Ali, R.; Marimuthu, K.; Uddin, M.N.; Rizwan, M.; Rahman, K.U.; Alam, M.; Adnan, M.; Muhammad; et al. Monitoring Bioaccumulation (in Gills and Muscle Tissues), Hematology, and Genotoxic Alteration in Ctenopharyngodon idella Exposed to Selected Heavy Metals. BioMed Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 6185231

Shovon, M.N.H., Majumdar, B.C. & Rahman, Z. (2017). Heavy Metals (Lead, Cadmium and Nickel) Concentration in Different Organs of Three Commonly Consumed Fishes in Bangladesh. Fish. Aqua. J. 8: 207. DOI: 10.4172/2150-3508.1000207.

Sivaperumal P, Sankar TV, Viswanathan Nair PG (2007) Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards. Food Chem 102: 612-620.

Skidmore, J. (1964). Toxicity of zinc compounds to aquatic animals with special references to fish. Quart. Rev. Biol. 39(3): 227–248.

Svobodová Z (1993) Water Quality and Fish Health. FAO, Rome, EIFAC technical paper No. 54, 67pp.

Tayel, S.I., Mahmoud, S.A., Ahmed, N.A.M. & Abdel Rahman, A.S. (2018). Pathological impacts of environmental toxins on Oreochromis niloticus fish inhabiting the water of Damietta branch of the River Nile, Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. & Fish. 22(5): 309–321

Thophon, S.; Kruatrachue, M.; Upatham, E.; Pokethitiyook, P.; Sahaphong, S.; Jaritkhuan, S. Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environ. Pollut. 2003, 121, 307–320.

Vander Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeykebm NPE. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003; 13:57–149.

Vinodhini R, Narayanan M (2008) Bioaccumulations of heavy metals in organs of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (Common carp). Int J Environ Sci Tech 5: 179-182.

Wang WX. Interaction of trace metals and different marine food chains. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2002; 243: 295-309.

Mendes Almeida, Patríca Natalícia; Silva Freitas, Cláudio Eduardo; Oliveira Abrão, Flávia; Oliveira Ribeiro, Izabella Carolina; Alves Vieira, Edvaldo; Castro Geraseev, Luciana; Robson Duarte, Eduardo Atividade. Cellulolytic activity of aerobic fungi isolated from dairy cattle fed with forage tropical. Revista Caatinga, vol. 27, núm. 4, octubre-diciembre, 2014, pp. 202-207

Nero, V., Farwell, A., Lister, A., Van Der Kraak, G., Lee, L. E. J., Van Meer, T., Dixon, D. G. (2006). Gill and liver histopathological changes in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to oil sands process-affected water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63(3), 365–377. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.04.01410.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.04.014

Kumari, U., Mittal, S. & Mittal, A.K. (2012). Surface ultrastructure of the gill filaments and the secondary lamellae of the catfish, Rita rita, and the carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75: 433–440

Dar B A, Qureshi T A and Khaliq R, 2011. Effect of Cadmium Chloride on the Histoarchitecture of Certain Organs of a Freshwater Catfish, Clarias batrachus. Our Nature, 9: 83-88

Kole RK, Banerjee H. and Bhattacharyya A. (2001). Monitoring of market fish samples for Endosulfan and Hexachlorocyclohexane residues in and around Calcutta. Bull Envirron Contam Toxicol 67: 554–559

Kaoud, H. A., Zaki, M.M., El-Dahshan, A. R., Saeid, S. and EL Zorba, H. Y., 2011. Amelioration the toxic effects of cadmium-exposure in nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemnagibba L. Life Sci. J., 8: 185-195

Hanna, M.I., Shaheed, I.B. and Elias, N.S., 2005. A contribution on chromium and lead toxicity in cultured Oreochromis niloticus. Egyptian J. aquat. Biol. Fish., 9: 177-209.

Downloads

Published

2023-04-24

How to Cite

Annamalai, A., Rajendran, N., Kaliyappan, M., & Arunachalam, M. (2023). Histopathological Changes in the Gill and Intestine Tissues of Fish from Pichavaram Mangroves, South east Coast of India. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 11(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.14738/dafs.112.14359