Meta-Analysis of Psychometric Measures in Autism Assessment Tools Across the Lifespan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/bjhmr.116.17967Keywords:
Autism, Assessment, Psychometrics, Meta-analysis, DiagnosisAbstract
There are a myriad of tools that are used for mental health professionals to diagnose individuals with autism/ autistic people, however, there are a lack of tools that professionals can use to assess where a person’s strengths and challenges lie. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to garner and understanding of the measures available to providers as well as assess the limitations. Attention was focused on the sub-domains in each measure to ascertain patterns in categorical applications. A table of measures available regarding autism symptomology was created which included categorical sorting. This process was one of the first steps taken to create another measure that focused on strengths and challenges of those on the autism spectrum.
References
Alexander, E., & Dille, L. (2018). Professional perceptions of the effectiveness of visual communication systems and their applications for functional communication interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 3, 485-495. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396941517747468
Allison, C., Auyeung, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Toward brief ‘red flags’ for autism screening. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(2), 202–212, e7.
Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Charman, T., Richler, J., Pasco, G., & Brayne, C. (2008). The Q-CHAT (quantitative checklist for autism in toddlers): A normally distributed quantitative measure of autistic traits at 18-24 months of age: Preliminary report, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1414–1425.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Armstrong, T. (2012). First, discover their strengths. Educational Leadership, 70(2), 10–16.
Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children's loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.53.4.500
Baird, G., Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Swettenham, J., Wheelwright, S., & Drew, A. (2000, June). A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: A 6-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(6), 694–702. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200006000-00007
Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). The hyper-systemizing, assortative mating theory of autism. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacoloy and. Biological Psychiatry, 30 (5), 865-872. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.010
Barnhart, G. S. (2017). Autism Archetype Survey [Abstract]. Special Issue: 11th International Congress of the EAMHID, Luxemburg, September 21-23, 2017: Integrating different approaches in the neurodevelopmental perspective. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10(S1), 59–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2017.1348209
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient (EQ). An investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163–175.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. Robinson, J., & Woodbury-Smith, M. (2001). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient: A new instrument for screening AS and HFA in adults of normal intelligence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5–17.
Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley scales of infant and toddler development: Administration manual. Harcourt Assessment.
Begeer, S., Mandell, D., Wijnker-Holmes, B., Venderbosch, S., Rem, D., Stekelenburg, F., & Koot, H. M. (2013). Sex differences in the timing of identification among children and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 43(5), 1151–1156. https://doi.org10.1007/s10803-012-1656-z
Berument, S. K., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Pickles, A., & Bailey, A. (1999). Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 175(5), 444–451.
Berthier, M. L., Torres-Prioris, M., & López-Barroso, D. (2017). Thinking on treating echolalia in aphasia: Recommendations and caveats for future research directions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00164
Barnhart, G. (2024). Meta-Analysis of Psychometric Measures in Autism Assessment Tools Across the Lifespan. British Journal of Healthcare and
Bleijenberg, N., Zuithoff, N. P. A., Smith, A. K., de Wit, N.J., & Schuurmans, M. J. (2017). Disability in the individual ADL, IADL, and mobility among older adults: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging,
Bilszta, S., & Justin, L. C. (2013). Early identification of autism: A comparison of the checklist for autism in toddlers and the modified checklist for autism in toddlers. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(6) 438–444.
Bölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2006). FSK fragebogenzur sozialen kommunikation – autismus screening: Deutsche fassung des social communication questionnaire (SCQ). In V. M. Rutter, A. Bailey, & C. Lord (Eds), Western Psychological Services.
Boxhorn, S., Lopez, E., Schmidt, C., Schulze, D., Hänig, S., & Freitag, C. M. (2018). Attention profiles in autism spectrum disorder and subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(11), 1433–1447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1138-8
Brereton, A. V., Tonge, B. J., Mackinnon, A. J., & Einfeld, S. L. (2002), Screening young people for autism with the developmental behavior checklist. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(11), 1369–1375.
Cage, E., & Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2019). Understanding the reasons, contexts and costs of camouflaging for autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899–1911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x
Camodeca, A. (2019). Description of criterion validity on the autism spectrum rating scales 6–18 parent report: Initial exploration in a large community sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50(6), 987–1001.
Campbell, J. M. (2005). Diagnostic assessment of Asperger’s disorder: A review of five third-party rating scales. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(1), 25–35.
Castelloe, P., & Dawson, G. (1993). Subclassification of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder: A questionnaire based on Wing’s subgrouping scheme. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Cederlof, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Almqvist, C., Serlachius, E., & Ludvigsson, J. F. (2016). Nationwide population-based cohort study of psychiatric disorders in individuals with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or hypermobility syndrome and their siblings. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 207. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0922-6
Clarke, L. (1992), Qualitative research: meaning and language. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17: 243-252. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648. 1992.tb01880.x
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7 (3), 309.
Conner, C. M., & White, S. W. (2018). Brief report: Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of individual mindfulness therapy for adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3312-0
Constantino, J., & Gruber, J. (2005). Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Dell’Osso, L., Dalle Luche, R., Gesi, C., Moroni, I., Carmassi, C., & Maj, M. (2016). From Asperger’s autistischen psychopathen to DSM–5 autism spectrum disorder and beyond: A subthreshold autism spectrum model. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 12, 120 - 131. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010120 211
Dell’Osso, L., Gesi, C., Massimetti, E., Cremone, I, Barbuti, M. Maccariello, G., … Maj, M. (2016). Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum (AdAS Spectrum): Validation of a questionnaire investigating subthreshold autism spectrum. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 73, 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.001
Dumont-Mathieu, T., & Fein, D. (2005), Screening for autism in young children: The modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT) and other measures. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,
Eaves, R. C., & Milner, B. (1993). The criterion-related validity of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and the Autism Behavior Checklist. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 481–491.
"EBSCO Industries, Inc". Ebscoind.com. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
Ehlers, S., Gillberg, C., & Wing, L. (1999). A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other highfunctioning autism spectrum disorders in school-age children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Eriksson J.M., Andersen L.M., Bejerot S. RAADS-14 Screen: validity of a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder in an adult psychiatric population. Mol Autism. 2013 Dec 9;4(1):49. doi: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-49. PMID: 24321513; PMCID: PMC3907126.
Fenning, R. M., Baker, J. K., & Moffitt, J. (2018). Intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of emotion regulation in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 1–13.
Ferriter, M., Hare, D., Bendall, P., Cordess, C., Elliot, K., Hudson, I., Taylor, M. (2001), Brief report: Assessment of a screening tool for Autistic Spectrum Disorders in adult population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(3), 351–353.
Freitag, C. M., Retz-Junginger, P., Retz, W., Seitz, C., Palmason, H., Meyer, J., Gontard, A. V. (2007). Evaluation der Deutschen version des autismus-spektrum-quotienten (AQ) – Die kurzversion AQ-k. Zeitschrift Für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 36(4), 280–289.
Garnett, M. S., & Attwood, A. J. (1995). The Australian Scale of Asperger’s Syndrome. in T. Attwood (Ed.), Asperger’s Syndrome: A guide for parents and professionals (pp. 45–56). Jessica Kingsley.
Gillberg, C., Rastam, M., & Wentz, E. (2001). The Asperger Syndrome (and high-functioning Autism) diagnostic interview (ASDI): A preliminary study of a new structured clinical interview. Autism, 5(1), 57–66.
Gilliam, J. E. (1995). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (2nd ed.). PRO-ED.
Gilliam, J. E. (2006a). Gilliam Asperger’s Disorder Scale. Western Psychological Services.
Gilliam, J. E. (2006b). GARS-2: Gilliam Autism Rating Scale—Second Edition. PRO-ED.
Gioia, G.A, Isquith, P.K., Guy, S.C., Kenworthy, L. (2000) Test review: Child Neuropsychology 6(3), 235-238.
Golshan, F., Soltani, A., & Afarinesh, M. R. (2019). The study of executive function domains in children with highfunctioning autism. Learning and Motivation, 67, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2019.101578
Gowen, E., & Hamilton, A. (2013). Motor abilities in autism: A review using a computational context. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1574-0
Gowen, E., & Miall, R. C. (2005). Behavioural aspects of cerebellar function in adults with Asperger syndrome. Cerebellum, 4(4), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/14734220500355332 212
Barnhart, G. (2024). Meta-Analysis of Psychometric Measures in Autism Assessment Tools Across the Lifespan. British Journal of Healthcare and .
Grodberg, D, Weinger, P.M., Kolevzon, A., Soorya, L., Buxbaum, J.D. (2012). Brief report: The Autism Mental Status Examination: development of a brief autism-focused exam. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders. 42(3):455-9. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1255-4.
Hillus, J., Moseley, R., Roepke, S., & Mohr, B. (2019). Action semantic deficits and impaired motor skills in autistic adults without intellectual impairment. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00256
Hodges, A. C., Betz, A. M., Wilder, D. A., & Antia, K. (2019). The use of contingent acoustical feedback to decrease toe walking in a child with autism. Education & Treatment of Children, 42(2), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2019.0007
Hong, J., Bishop-Fitzpatrick, L., Smith, L. E., Greenberg, J. S., & Mailick, M. R. (2016). Factors associated with subjective quality of life of adults with autism spectrum disorder: Self-report versus maternal reports. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1368–1378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2678-0
Howlin, P., & Moss, P. (2012). Adults with autism spectrum disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 275-283. Retrieved from http://publications.cpa-apc.org/browse/sections/0
Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M., & Mandy, W. (2017). Putting on my best normal: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5
Jacques, C., ⨯ Valérie Courchesne, Meilleur, A. S., Mineau, S., Ferguson, S., Cousineau, D., Mottron, L. (2018). What interests young autistic children? An exploratory study of object exploration and repetitive behavior. PLoS One, 13(12), e0209251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209251
Kaufman, A. S., & Lichtenberger, E. (2006). Assessing adolescent and adult intelligence (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Krug, D. A. (2003), Krug Asperger’s Disorder Index (KADI). PRO-ED.
Lehnhardt, F. G., Falter, C. M., Gawronski, A., Pfeiffer, K., Tepest, R., Franklin, J., & Vogeley, K. (2016). Sex-related cognitive profile in Autism Spectrum Disorders diagnosed late in life: Implications for the female autistic phenotype. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10803-015-2558-7
LeCouteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., & RIOS/A, P. (1989). Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigatorbased instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(3), 363–387.
Lieb, R. W., & Bohnert, A. M. (2017). Relations between executive functions, social impairment, and friendship quality on adjustment among high functioning youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2861–2872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3205-2
Lin, C. E., & Koegel, R. (2018). Treatment for higher-order restricted repetitive behaviors (H–RRB) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3831–3845.
Lord C., Rutter M., Goode S., Heemsbergen J., Jordan H., Mawhood L., & Schopler E. (1989). Autism diagnostic observation schedule: A standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(2), 185–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02211841
Luteijn, E., Luteijn, F., Jackson, S., Volkmar, F., & Minderaa, R. (2000). The children’s social behavior questionnaire for milder variants of PDD problems: Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 30(4), 317–330. 213
Matson, J. L., Boisjoli, J. A., Hess, J. A., & Wilkins, J. (2010). Factor structure and diagnostic fidelity of the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with Autism Traits—Part 1 (BISCUIT—Part 1). Developmental Neurorehabilitation,
Matson, J. L., Boisjoli, J. A., & Wilkins, J. (2007). The Baby and Infant Screen for Children with Autism Traits (BISCUIT). Disability Consultants.
Matson, J. L., González, M., & Wilkins, J. (2009). Validity study of the Autism Spectrum Disorders–Diagnostic for Children (ASD-DC). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(1), 196–206.
Mayer, J. L. (2017). The relationship between autistic traits and atypical sensory functioning in neurotypical and ASD adults: A spectrum approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(2), 316–327.
Monteiro, M. (2008). Monteiro interview guidelines for diagnosing Asperger’s Syndrome (MIGDAS): A teambased approach (1st ed.). Western Psychological Services.
Nah, Y.-H., Young, R. L., & Brewer, N. (2014). Using the Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS) to predict long term outcomes in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(9), 2301–2310.
Nah, Y.-H., Young, R. L., Brewer, N., & Berlingeri, G. (2014). Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC): Reliability and validity data for a Level 2 screening tool for Autistic Disorder. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 215–226.
Nylander, L., & Gillberg, C. (2001). Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders in adult psychiatric out‐patients: A preliminary report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 103(6), 428–434.
Otsuka, S., Uono, S., Yoshimura, S., Zhao, S., & Toichi, M. (2017). Emotion perception mediates the predictive relationship between verbal ability and functional outcome in high-functioning adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(4), 1166–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3036-1
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611
Piccin, S., Crippa, A., Nobile, M., Hardan, A. Y., & Brambilla, P. (2018). Video modeling for the development of personal hygiene skills in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 27(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204579601700061
Posserud, M.-B., Breivik, K., Gillberg, C., & Lundervold, A. J. (2013). ASSERT – the Autism Symptom Self Report for adolescents and adults: Bifactor analysis and validation in a large adolescent population. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(12), 4495–4503.
Posserud, M.-B., Lundervold, A. J., & Gillberg, C. (2009). Validation on the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire in a total population sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 126–134.
Quirici, M. (2015). Geniuses without imagination: Discourses of autism, ability, and achievement. Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies, 9(1), 71–88, 121.
Richards, C., Davies, L., & Oliver, C. (2017). Predictors of self-injurious behavior and self-restraint in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Towards a hypothesis of impaired behavioral control. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(3), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-3000-5 214
Barnhart, G. (2024). Meta-Analysis of Psychometric Measures in Autism Assessment Tools Across the Lifespan. British Journal of Healthcare and Ritvo, R. A., Ritvo, E. R., Guthrie, D., Ritvo, M. J., Hufnagel, D. H., McMahon, W., Eloff, J. (2011). The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS–R): A scale to assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults: An international validation study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2011(4), 1076–1089.
Ritvo R. A., Ritvo E. R., Guthrie D., Yuwiler A., Ritvo M. J., & Weisbender L. (2008). A scale to assist the diagnosis of autism and Asperger’s disorder in adults (RAADS): A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2008(4), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0380-6
Robertson, C. E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017). Sensory perception in autism. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 18(11), 671–684. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.112
Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A. (2001), The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131–144.
Rutter M., Le Couteur A., Lord C. (2003). Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADI–R) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Samson, A. C., Hardan, A. Y., Lee, I. A., Phillips, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Maladaptive behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The role of emotion experience and emotion regulation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Sappok, T., Diefenbacher, A., Budczies, J., Schade, C., Grubich, C., Bergmann, T., … Dziobek, I. (2013). Diagnosing autism in a clinical sample of adults with intellectual disabilities: How useful are the ADOS and the ADI-R? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(5), 1642–1655.
Sappok, T., Gaul, I., Bergmann, T., Dziobek, I., Bölte, S., Diefenbacher, A., & Heinrich, M. (2014). The Diagnostic Behavioral Assessment for Autism Spectrum Disorder – Revised: A screening instrument for adults with intellectual disability suspected of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(4), 362–375.
Sappok, T., Heinrich, M., & Diefenbacher, A. (2014), Psychometrische eigenschaften der autismus-checkliste (ACL) für erwachsene menschen mit intelligenzminderung. Psychiatrische Praxis, 41(1), 37–44.
Sappok, T., Heinrich, M., & Underwood, L. (2015). Screening tools for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Advances in Autism, 1(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-03-2015-0001
Schalock, R. L. (2004). The concept of quality of life: What we know and do not know. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(3), 203–216.
Schaller, U., & Rauh, R. (2017). What difference does it make? Implicit, explicit and complex social cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(4), 961–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-3008-x
Schanding, G. T., Nowell, K. P., & Goin-Kochel, R. P. (2012), Utility of the social communication questionnaire— Current and social responsiveness scales teacher-report screening tools for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1705–1706.
Schopler, E., Reichler, R., & Rochen Renner, B. (1988). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Western Psychological Services.
Scott, F., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., & Brayne, C. (2002). The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): Preliminary development of a UK screen for mainstream primary-school age children. Autism, 6(1), 9–31. 215
Semrud-Clikeman, M., & Teeter-Ellison, M. E. (2009). Child neuropsychology: Assessment and interventions for neurodevelopmental disorders. Springer.
Shephard, E., Tye, C., Ashwood, K. L., Azadi, B., Asherson, P., Bolton, P. F., & McLoughlin, G. (2018). Resting-state neurophysiological activity patterns in young people with ASD, ADHD, and ASD + ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3300-4
Skuse, D. H., Mandy, W. P. L., & Scourfield, J. (2005), Measuring autistic traits: Heritability, reliability and validity of the social and communication disorders checklist. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Rosenberg, C. R., Vasa, R. A., Lee, L.-C., & DiGuiseppi, C. (2018). Brief report: Selfinjurious behaviors in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder compared to other developmental delays and disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(7), 2558–2566.
Sparrow, S., Balla, D., & Cicchetti, D. (1984). Vineland adaptive behavior scales. American Guidance Service.
Steinhausen, H.-C., & Metzke, C.W. (2004), Differentiating the behavioural profile in autism and mental retardation and testing of a screener. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(4), 214–220.
Stone, W. L., Coonrod, E. E., & Ousley, O. Y. (2000), Brief report: Screening Tool for Autism in Two-Year-Olds (STAT): Development and preliminary data. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(6), 607–612.
Stone, W. L., & Ousley, O. Y. (1997). STAT manual: Screening Tool for Autism in Two-Year-Olds. Unpublished manuscript, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. (5th ed.) Pearson.
Wetherby, A., & Prizant, B. (1993). Communication and symbolic behavior scales. Normed Edition. Applied Symbolix.
White, S., Koenig, K., & Scahill, L. (2010). Group social skills instruction for adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 25, 209-218. doi:1088357610380595
Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H., Buitelaar, J. K., Dietz, C., van Daalen, E., & van Engeland, H. (2001). Screening instrument for the early detection of autism at 14 months. Presentation given at the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, MN.
Yang, Y. J. D., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Lei, J., Dayan, E., Pelphrey, K. A., & Ventola, P. (2017). Distinct neural bases of disruptive behavior and autism symptom severity in boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 9, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-017-9183-z
Young, R. L. (2006). Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC). Australian Council of Educational Research.
Zhang, L., Li, K., Zhang, C., Qi, X., Zheng, N., & Wang, G. (2018). Arcuate fasciculus in Autism Spectrum Disorder toddlers with language regression. Open Medicine, 13(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2018-0014
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Gwendolyn Barnhart
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
