The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Effect on the Rate of Patients in Custody Admitted for Psychiatric Evaluation at a Large Inner-City Community Health Center

Authors

  • Keishla Figueroa BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Sana Kamal BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Omar Nafeh American University of the Caribbean, Sint Maarten
  • Victoria Singh American University of the Caribbean, Sint Maarten
  • Meena Alzamani American University of the Caribbean, Sint Maarten
  • Mona Salehi BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Saif Bashir BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Eric Garrels BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Briana M. Silva Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, New York, United States
  • Lauren Brown BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Yarden Segal BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Patrick Bidkhanian BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States
  • Vicente Liz BronxCare Health Systems, Bronx, New York, United States

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/bjhr.1203.18955

Abstract

The COVID19 pandemic affected arguably every facet of our global society, from mental health and healthcare service utilization to economic stability and the function of our criminal justice system. Individuals within the carceral system are amongst the most vulnerable and underserved populations of the United States, facing extremely high rates of severe psychiatric illness, substance use, and distrust of the medical establishment. The pandemic exacerbated these preexisting health disparities, and previous research has shown an overall increase in rates of depression, anxiety, acute psychosis, and substance use during COVID19. This retrospective, longitudinal study investigates psychiatric emergencies amongst the arrested and incarcerated populations of the South Bronx, New York, a critically underserved region of the United States with persistently high rates of violence and arrests. Our results show an increase in rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-injurious behaviors, despite a significant decrease in rates of depression consultations. This study is the first of its kind; it provides a nuanced perspective on a research population often underrepresented in the literature and opens the door for areas of future research. 

References

Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of affective disorders, 277, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001

Ricciardelli LA, King EA, Broadley M. COVID-19, Mental Illness, and Incarceration in the United States: A Systematic Review, 2019–2021. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(11):521. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110521

Holland KM, Jones C, Vivolo-Kantor AM, et al. Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health, Overdose, and Violence Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(4):372–379. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4402

Fasshauer JM, Bollmann A, Hohenstein S, Mouratis K, Hindricks G, Meier-Hellmann A, Kuhlen R, Broocks A, Schomerus G, Stengler K. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on involuntary and urgent inpatient admissions for psychiatric disorders in a German-wide hospital network. J Psychiatr Res. 2021 Oct; 142:140-143. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.052. Epub 2021 Aug 1. PMID: 34352559; PMCID: PMC8417753.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2024). About criminal and juvenile justice. https://www.samhsa.gov/criminal-juvenile-justice/about

Winerip, M., & Schwirtz, M. (2015, April 10). For mentally ill inmates at Rikers Island, a cycle of jail and hospitals. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/nyregion/for-mentally-ill-inmatesat-rikers-a-cycle-of-jail-and-hospitals.html

The Pew Charitable Trusts (2023, May 16). Racial disparities persist in many U.S. jails. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2023/05/racial-disparities-persist-inmany-us-jails

Looney, A., & Turner, N. (2018, March 14). Work and opportunity before and after incarceration. The Brookings Institution.

Correctional Association of New York (2021). “My greatest fear is to be a lab rat for the state”: COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy in NYS prisons. CANY’s annual report July 2020 – June 2021

United States Courts (2022, December 22). In COVID-19, judicial conference met its ultimate challenge.https://www.uscourts.gov/news/2022/12/22/covid-19-judicial-conference-met-its-ultimatechallenge

Blau, R. (2021, March 8). How the city failed three men who died of COVID-19 in jail: Watchdog. The City. https://www.thecity.nyc/2021/03/08/nyc-failed-inmates-died-covid-rikers-jails/

Goldschmidt, T., Kippe, Y., Finck, A. et al. Psychiatric presentations and admissions during the first wave of Covid-19 compared to 2019 in a psychiatric emergency department in Berlin, Germany: a retrospective chart review. BMC Psychiatry 23, 38 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04537-x 294 (2025). The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Effect on the Rate of Patients in Custody Admitted for Psychiatric Evaluation at a Large Inner-City Community

Bronxcare Health System (2024). Community health needs assessment and community service Plan. 2022-2024. BronxCare. https://www.bronxcare.org/about-us/community-health-needs-assessment-andcommunity-service-plans/

Nagpaul, Sunny (6/29/24). The South Bronx is a cross section of everything wrong with America, but has a community hellbent on changing that: ‘You need to have an outlet so it doesn’t destroy your life'. Fortune Magazine. https://fortune.com/2024/06/29/south-bronx-poorest-congressional-district-america-povertypollution-economy/

Bjorn C. Westgard, Matthew W. Morgan, Gabriela Vazquez-Benitez, Lauren O. Erickson, Michael D. Zwank, An Analysis of Changes in Emergency Department Visits After a State Declaration During the Time of COVID-19, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Volume 76, Issue 5, 2020, Pages 595-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.06.019.

Shepherd, Jonathan P et al. “Association Between COVID-19 Lockdown Measures and Emergency Department Visits for Violence-Related Injuries in Cardiff, Wales.” JAMA vol. 325,9 (2021): 885-887. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.25511

Pisl, Vojtech et al. “Violent behavior and the COVID-19 lockdowns: a nationwide register-based study.” CNS spectrums, 1-7. 4 Aug. 2022, doi:10.1017/S1092852922000797

Pino, Elizabeth C et al. “Trends in Violent Penetrating Injuries During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” JAMA network open vol. 5,2 e2145708. 1 Feb. 2022, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45708

Roennfeldt, H., Wyder, M., Byrne, L., Hill, N., Randall, R., & Hamilton, B. (2021). Subjective Experiences of Mental Health Crisis Care in Emergency Departments: A Narrative Review of the Qualitative Literature. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(18), 9650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189650

Simpson, S. A., Loh, R. M., Cabrera, M., Cahn, M., Gross, A., Hadley, A., & Lawrence, R. E. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychiatric Emergency Service Volume and Hospital Admissions. Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, 62(6), 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2021.05.005

Ferrando, Stephen J et al. “Psychiatric emergencies during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in the suburban New York City area.” Journal of psychiatric research vol. 136 (2021): 552-559. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.029

Ross, Clinton A et al. “COVID-19 and Psychiatric Admissions: A Comparative Study of Pre-pandemic and Postpandemic Psychosis Admissions in a South Florida Emergency Department.” Cureus vol. 15,6 e40989. 26 Jun. 2023, doi:10.7759/cureus.40989

Xiao, Y., Sharma, M. M., Thiruvalluru, R. K., Gimbrone, C., Weissman, M. M., Olfson, M., Keyes, K. M., & Pathak, J. (2022). Trends in psychiatric diagnoses by COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among patients with and without recent clinical psychiatric diagnoses in New York city from March 2020 to August 2021. Translational psychiatry, 12(1), 492. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02255-8

Magee, L. A., Fortenberry, J. D., Rosenman, M., Aalsma, M. C., Gharbi, S., & Wiehe, S. E. (2021). Two-year prevalence rates of mental health and substance use disorder diagnoses among repeat arrestees. Health & justice, 9(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-020-00126-2

Muppavarapu, K., Saeed, S. A., Jones, K., Hurd, O., & Haley, V. (2022). Study of impact of telehealth use on clinic “no show” rates at an academic practice. Psychiatric Quarterly, 93(2), 689-699.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-18

How to Cite

Figueroa, K., Kamal, S., Nafeh, O., Singh, V., Alzamani, M., Salehi, M., … Liz, V. (2025). The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Effect on the Rate of Patients in Custody Admitted for Psychiatric Evaluation at a Large Inner-City Community Health Center. British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, 12(03), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.14738/bjhr.1203.18955