Aging Immunity Microbiome Axis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/bjhr.1302.20082Keywords:
Age, ageing, axis, immunity, inflammageing, inflamma-immuno-ageing, microbiomeAbstract
Human ageing influence immunity and modify microbiome. Ageing scientific workers have made three questions as; why ageing, why do we age, and how do we age. They evolve theories in trying to answer them. The concepts of; ageing, immunity and microbiome were elucidated. Ageing affect immunity , ageing affect microbiome. Mutual communications between these elements were bidirectional. The objective of the present opinion paper was to suggest and prove for an” Ageing-immunity-microbiome axis” through review current relevant publications and showcase analysis for an age human population. This suggested axis pathway starts as low grade inflammation, chronic low grade inflammation, inflamm-ageing , inflamma-immuno-ageing, immune senescence then microbiome modifications. Each of the tripartite elements of the axis affect and affected by the other via multiple bidirectional cross-talk communications.
References
Caruso, C; Candro, G. 2021. Human Aging: from cellular Mechanisms, to therapeutic Strategies, Elseviers.
Shnawa, I. M. S. 2025. Microbial Immunology, BPI, SDI, India-UK.
Tiawari, A.; Shukla, A. 2025. Human microbiome and its role in immunity and disease. Curr. Microbial. App. Sci. 14(11):96-100.
Tibbs, T. N.; Lope, L. R.; Arthur, J. C. 2019. The influence of microbiota immune development, chronic inflammation and cancer in the context of ageing. Microbial Cell 6(8); 324.
Fenton, S-J.; Draper, H. 2014. Older people make a huge contribution to the society. Birmingham, Policy Commission
Huang, D.; Song, W.; Teng, P. 2025. The impact of age identity on social participation of older adults. BMC Geriatrics 25:2015. doi. 10. 1186/s. 12877. 025-05868-y.
American Federation For aging research, 2016.
Clark, W. R. 1999. A Means To An End; The Biological Bases of Ageing and Health, New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bahi, A,; Pandey, S.; Rakshit, R. et al. 2025. Infection induced trained immunity; a twist in paradigm of innate host defense and generation of immunological memory. Infec. Immu. 93(1):1-20.
Shnawa, I. M. S. 2014. Oral immune cross- road. WJPR. 4(12):1766-1778.
Shnawa, I. M. S.; Thewaini, Q. N. A. 2025. Stealth Microbiomes in Chronic Infections; Mechanisms and Immune Evasion. BPI, SDI.
Valerda, S.; Zuluaoga, M.; Perez, F. C. et al. 2025. Human Microbiome: A connecting organ between nutrition, metabolism and health. Preprint. doi. 10. 20944/preprint-2025. -02. 1965-v-1.
Shnawa, I. M. S. 2014. Immunology of Ageing and longevity, IISTE, USA.
Desfita, S.; Wahyuni, D.; Patri, F. et al. 2025. Synergistic effects of multistrain probiotic and probiotic combinations on immune recovery in ageing populations. Int. J. Probiotics and Prebiotics 20:10-18. Scholar Publishing
Walrath, T; Dyamenahalli, K. U.; Hulsebus, H. etal. 2021. Age related changes in intestinal immunity and microbiome. J. Leuko. Cyt. Biol. 109; 1045-1061. doi. 101002/JLB. 3RI0620-405-RR.
Wang, J.; Qie, J.; Zhu, D. et al. 2022. The landscape in the gut microbiome of long lived families reveals new insight on longevity and aging relevant neural and immune function. Gut Microbes 14(1):; e2107288. 22 pages. doi. 10. 1080/1949097-2022-2-2107288.
Ragonnaud, E.; Biragyn, A.. 2022. Gut microbiome as a key controller of healthy aging of elderly people. Immunity and Aging. 18(2):Article 2, doi. 10. 1186/s12979-020-00213-w.
Babakhaui, K.; Kucinska, A. L.; Ye, X. et al. 2025. Aging immunity the complex nexus of diet, gut microbiome and immune function. Immuno-metabolism. doi. 10. 1097 / IN9-00000000000061.
Jandu, N. 2024. gut bacteria and the immune system :how aging changes the microbiome. Gerontology and Geriatrics, Medical Press.
Wang, Y.; Allan, D. S. J.; Gewirtz, A. T. 2025. Microbe derived proteins synergize with IL8 to derive Il22 production in model type 3 innate immune cells. PLoseOne 20(1):e 031748. doi. 10. 1371/pone. 0317248.
Bosco, N.; Noti, M. 2021. The aging gut microbiome and its impact on host immunity. Genes-Immunity, 22 289-303. doi. 10. 1038/s41435-021-00126-8. ,
Caetano-Silva, M. N.; Shrestha, A.; Duff, A. F. et al. 2024. aging amplifies a gut microbial immunogenic signature linked to heightened inflammation. Aging Cell. 23:e14190. doi. 10. 11111-acel. 14190.
Mittal, M.; Juneja, S.; Mittal, R. 2025. Unravelling complex interactions between microbiome and immune system. Microbe Immunity, X(X). doi. 10. 36922/mi. 4790.
Johanson, A.; Ho, N. Pui-Yu.; Tareawa, H. 2025. Microbiome and hemato-immunaging. Exp. Hematol. 141, 104685, 1-26.
Shnawa, I. M. S. 2025. An inter-mammalian microbiome-immune axis. Asian Journal Immunol.
Campbell, C.; Kandalgaonal, M. R.; Golonka, R. M. 2023. Croo-talk between gut microbiota and host immunity: impact on inflammation and immunotherapy. Biomed. 11, 294.
Owlstono Medal Lecture, 2024. How the gut microbiome influence skin health: exploring the gut-skin-axis.
Shitara, K. 2023. Microbiome immune axis and infection of immune system, Immunome Res. 19, 244. ,
Brown, J. A.; Bashir, H. Zeng M. Y. 2025. Life- long partners: Gut microbiome-immune cells interactions from infancy to old age. Mucosal. Immunol. 18(3):509-523.
Cortes, M.; Olate, P. Rodriguez, R. S. etal. 2025. Human microbiome as immune-regulatory axis: mechanisms, dysbiosis and therapeutic modulation. Microorganisms. 13. 2144. doi. 10. 3390/miroorganisms. 13092147.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim M S Shnawa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
