Epstein-Barr Virus Genetics: From Immune Modulation to Therapeutic Interventions

Iman, M. Bastawecy, Mohamed Abdelmonem, Emmellie Laura Albert and Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah

Abstract:
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV), a gamma herpesvirus, has a global distribution with a remarkable 98% prevalence among adults. This virus has evolved a set of genes that allow it to both modulate and evade the host immune response, ensuring its persistent presence within the human body. Due to its unique genetic makeup, EBV can impact virtually any organ system, manifesting in diverse inflammations and associated diseases. Clinical symptoms of an EBV infection are influenced by a combination of factors: the viral load, the targeted organ system, external stressors, and the general status of the host's immune system. The host's immunological response, especially the release of cytokines, is pivotal in shaping the disease's severity and symptomatology. Diagnosis of EBV and its related diseases often involves a mix of serological, molecular, and antigenic tools, each with specific applications and accuracy levels. While there are existing treatments for EBV- associated conditions, continuous research aims to develop improved therapeutic and control strategies to manage this pervasive pathogen, which affects a majority of the global population.