Health

Health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”. A variety of definitions have been used for different purposes over time. Health can be promoted by encouraging healthful activities, such as regular physical exercise and adequate sleep, and by reducing or avoiding unhealthful activities or situations, such as smoking or excessive stress. Some factors affecting health are due to individual choices, such as whether to engage in a high-risk behavior, while others are due to structural causes, such as whether the society is arranged in a way that makes it easier or harder for people to get necessary healthcare services. Still other factors are beyond both individual and group choices, such as genetic disorders.

Interatomic Interactions in the Structures of Intermetallic Compounds.: binary compounds

Interatomic Interactions in the Structures of Intermetallic Compounds.: binary compounds

Interaction is a mutual action that cannot be separated from the characteristics of the objects participating in the process. Interaction is a process that is characterized by a simultaneous mutual change in the characteristics of interacting material objects (in our case, atoms). These material objects (atoms) act on each other with different intensity, obeying certain laws, and reproduce new structures with high accuracy. Chemical bonding is a consequence of interatomic interactions. Interatomic interactions are accompanied by thermal effects and changes in the volumes of interacting objects. Reproductive structures indicate the existence of constitutional characteristics of interacting objects. One of these characteristics is the weight concentrated in nucleons, and the second is the volume formed by the electron clouds around the nucleons. During chemical interactions, the mass concentrated in nucleons remains unchanged, and the resulting volume changes, decreasing (most often) or increasing. By the relative change in volume, as well as by thermal effects, one can judge the intensity of the interaction. Changes in the structure without changing the chemical composition occurs due to changes in the vibrations of structural units and the dissipation of energy contained in the original system into the environment [1]. With an increase in temperature (an increase in energy content), the structures dissipate. With a decrease in temperature (decrease in energy content), energy dissipation occurs. Having a crystalline system with large crystals of only one phase, without changing the chemical composition, methods of pressure, forging, laser treatment can bring the system into a state with crushed and even amorphous parts [2]. The result is a system with a high stored energy content and a dissipated structure. The fundamental characteristic of a simple substance is the molar volume, which is the ratio of the molar mass of a substance (M g/mole) to its density (d g/cm3 ) Vm=M/d (cm3 /mole) [3]. Even Lothar Meyer [4] presented a graphical dependence of atomic volumes on the mass of an atom, which was successfully illustrated by the periodic law of D.I. Mendeleev. Density is a complex characteristic, representing the ratio of one unchanged constitutional quantity (mass) to another constitutional quantity (volume), which changes depending on the environment by other atoms [5, 6].

Economic Pathology; A Research into its General Principle and Clinical Cases

Economic Pathology; A Research into its General Principle and Clinical Cases

It is very strange that there is no trace of economic pathology in economics which regards the economy as an organism. As even a human body, an excellent organism, occasionally gets sick, the economy, an organism, also gets occasionally an economic disease. Rather the economy gets sick more often in the life cycle of the economy than that of a human body since the organic function of the former is inferior to that of the latter, needless to say the immune system. The economic pathology should have been established and advanced already as the pathology has been done for human body. Indeed, the pathology for human body is developed more than its physiology and divided several parts which also have advanced in depth and diversity. So, there is no reason that the economic pathology is neglected in economics of which theoretical system is alike that of physiology. Indeed, economics has got its birth and development affected directly by the natural science. In the late 18th century when the modern economics was established as an academic discipline, the natural science was in the limelight and its organic approach was naturally introduced into economics, which is proved by the fact that the theoretical systems of all the economic schools have been established organically, and the development of economics is closely related to that of natural science. So, this organic approach is common for all the schools such as neoclassical economics, Marxian economics, Keynesian economics, institutional economics, historical economics, behavioral economics, complex economics, and so on.

Qualitative study for schizophrenia patients and CBT

Qualitative study for schizophrenia patients and CBT

Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that impacts how a person acts, thinks, and perceives the world (Coyle, 2017). It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, and diminished emotional expression (Shenton et al., 1992). The cause of these symptoms has been attributed to a dysregulation of dopaminergic signalling (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Schizophrenia is considered amongst the top common disorders in the world (Mathers et al., 2006), as about 1% of the general population suffer from schizophrenia (Simeone et al., 2015). Schizophrenia generally appears in late teens or early adulthood. However, it may also appear in middle ages (Kirkbride et al., 2006). Generally, the early onset of schizophrenia is associated with severe positive and negative symptoms (Galletly et al., 2016). Schizophrenia was found to be more severe and more common in men than in women (Aleman et al., 2003; McGrath et al., 2008). Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder that can be managed effectively with due care and management principles, in addition to antipsychotics medications. However, the likelihood of recovery is the highest, when schizophrenia is diagnosed and treated at its onset (Galletly et al., 2016). With medications and non-pharmacological therapy, many individuals with schizophrenia can live independently and have a satisfactory life.

Pengaruh Aspuan Lipid-Protein Dan Polimorfisme Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (Shbg) Terhadap Kadar Shbg Pada Pria Indonesia Dan Kaukasia

Pengaruh Aspuan Lipid-Protein Dan Polimorfisme Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (Shbg) Terhadap Kadar Shbg Pada Pria Indonesia Dan Kaukasia

Tim peneliti di bagian Biologi FKUI sedang melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan kadar Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) dan polimorfisme DNA (gen) antara pria dewasa normal pada tingkat social ekonomi rendah dibandingkan dengan tingkat social ekonomi menengah/tinggi. Hingga sekarang belum diketahui apakah faktor nutrisi (gizi) dan faktor keturunan berpengaruh terhadap kadar SHBG. Lima puluh pria Indonesia dewasa normal dari tingkat sosial ekonomi rendah dan lima puluh pria dewasa normal dari tingkat sosial ekonomi menengah/tinggi serta tiga puluh empat pria Kaukasia dewasa normal akan diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Kesediaan anda sebagai relawan sangat diharapkan untuk ikut serta dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian pada kelompok monyet (Macaca fascicularis) yang diberi pakan pola barat (western diet) dan kelompok monyet yang diberi pakan pola Asia (Asian diet), dan disuntik dengan obat kontrasepsi (testosteron enantat dan depot medroksiprogesteron asetat) menunjukkan perbedaan jumlah dan mutu sperma. Monyet yang diberi pakan pola barat, memiliki jumlah dan mutu sperma yang lebih baik.