Destruction of Stratospheric Ozone: Role of Aerosolized Coal Fly Ash Iron
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.104.12689Keywords:
Ozone hole, Geoengineering, Chemtrails, Troposphere, Global warming, Ultraviolet radiationAbstract
We have previously provided compelling evidence that aerosolized coal fly ash particles, not chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) are the primary cause of stratospheric ozone depletion [European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2022, 10(3), 586-603]. Here we turn our attention to iron, one of the most reactive elements among the others in coal fly ash that destroy ozone. Iron in primary and secondary aerosols plays a crucial role in the formation of ice crystals in cirrus clouds and in the polar stratospheric clouds that are involved in ozone hole formation. Iron is associated with reactive oxygen species, like the hydroxyl radical (OH) that destroys ozone in the stratosphere. Iron is known to activate halogens including chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Ozone is destroyed by adsorption onto iron-containing particles and by photochemical reactions with other constituents of coal fly ash. The inability of the scientific community to break out of the CFC paradigm and address the true cause of stratospheric ozone depletion is a potentially fatal mistake. We already face a ghastly future with severely depleted stratospheric ozone levels and devastation from deadly ultraviolet radiation. All sources of coal fly ash aerosols must be reduced or eliminated; first and foremost, the deliberate, covert, and near global jet-spraying of coal fly ash particulates into the upper troposphere.
References
Ball, W.T., et al., Evidence for a continuous decline in lower stratospheric ozone offsetting ozone layer recovery. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018. 18(2): p. 1379-1394.
Hossaini, R., et al. Ozone Destruction in the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere from Short-Lived Halogens and Climate Impacts. in EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 2014.
Yook, S., D.W.J. Thompson, and S. Solomon, Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021. Geophysical Research Letters, 2022. 49(10): p. e2022GL098064.
Zhang, J., et al., Stratospheric ozone loss over the Eurasian continent induced by the polar vortex shift. Nat Commun, 2018. 9(1): p. 206.
Herndon, J.M., R.D. Hoisington, and M. Whiteside, Deadly ultraviolet UV-C and UV-B penetration to Earth’s surface: Human and environmental health implications. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 14(2): p. 1-11.
Witze, A., Rare ozone hole opens over Arctic--and it's big. Nature, 2020. 580(7801): p. 18-20.
Lu, Q.-B., Observation of large and all-season ozone losses over the tropics. AIP Advances, 2022. 12(7): p. 075006.
Bernhard, G.H., et al., Updated analysis of data from Palmer Station, Antarctica (64° S), and San Diego, California (32° N), confirms large effect of the Antarctic ozone hole on UV radiation. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2022. 21(3): p. 373-384. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cordero, R.R., et al., Persistent extreme ultraviolet irradiance in Antarctica despite the ozone recovery onset. Scientific reports, 2022. 12(1): p. 1-10.
Takahashi, T., et al., Measurement of solar UV radiation in antarctica with collagen sheets. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2012. 11(7): p. 1193-1200.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Aerosolized coal fly ash particles, the main cause of stratospheric ozone depletion, not chlorofluorocarbon gases. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2022. 10(3): p. 586-603.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Chemtrails are not Contrails: The Face of Evil2022: Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09X49TGWB?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860.
Cziczo, D.J., et al., Clarifying the dominant sources and mechanisms of cirrus cloud formation. Science, 2013. 340(6138): p. 1320-1324.
Liu, L., et al., Cloud scavenging of anthropogenic refractory particles at a mountain site in North China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018. 18(19): p. 14681-14693.
de Reus, M., et al., Particle production in the lowermost stratosphere by convective lifting of the tropopause. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1999. 104(D19): p. 23935-23940.
Corti, T., et al., The impact of cirrus clouds on tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2006. 6(9): p. 2539-2547.
Ebert, M., et al., Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 16(13): p. 8405-8421.
Moreno, N., et al., Physico-chemical characteristics of European pulverized coal combustion fly ashes. Fuel, 2005. 84: p. 1351-1363.
Das, T., B.K. Saikia, and B.P. Baruah, Formation of carbon nano-balls and carbon nano-tubes from northeast Indian Tertiary coal: value added products from low grade coal. Gondwana Research, 2016. 31: p. 295-304.
Alam, J., et al., Recent advances in methods for the recovery of carbon nanominerals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons from coal fly ash and their emerging applications. Crystals, 2021. 11(2): p. 88.
Fisher, G.L., Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products. Environ. Health Persp., 1983. 47: p. 189-199.
Chen, X., et al. FLY ASH BENEFICATION WITH OZONE: MECHANISM OF ADSORPTION SUPRESSION. in ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 2002. AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA.
Alebic-Juretic, A., T. Cvitas, and L. Klasinc, Ozone destruction on solid particles. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 1997. 44(1): p. 241-247.
Pedersen, K.H., et al., Post-treatment of fly ash by ozone in a fixed bed reactor. Energy & fuels, 2009. 23(1): p. 280-285.
Cataldo, F., Ozone reaction with carbon nanostructures 1: reaction between solid C60 and C70 fullerenes and ozone. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2007. 7(4-5): p. 1439-1445.
Cataldo, F., Ozone reaction with carbon nanostructures 2: The reaction of ozone with milled graphite and different carbon black grades. Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 2007. 7(4-5): p. 1446-1454.
Razumovskii, S., et al., Carbon nanostructure reactivity: reactions of graphite powders with ozone. Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nonstructures, 2007. 15(1): p. 53-63.
NRC, Trace-element Geochemistry of Coal Resource Development Related to Environmental Quality and Health1980: National Academy Press.
Jiaxi, L., et al., The production and release of CFCs from coal combustion. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition, 2003. 77(1): p. 81-85.
Michel, A., C. Usher, and V. Grassian, Heterogeneous and catalytic uptake of ozone on mineral oxides and dusts: A Knudsen cell investigation. Geophysical research letters, 2002. 29(14): p. 10-1-10-4.
Fenidel, W., et al., Interaction between carbon or iron aerosol particles and ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 1995. 29(9): p. 967-973.
Tishmack, J.K. and P.E. Burns, The chemistry and mineralogy of coal and coal combustion products. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2004. 236(1): p. 223-246.
Veranth, J.M., et al., Mössbauer spectroscopy indicates that iron in an aluminosilicate glass phase is the source of the bioavailable iron from coal fly ash. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2000. 13(3): p. 161-164.
Li, W., et al., Air pollution–aerosol interactions produce more bioavailable iron for ocean ecosystems. Science Advances, 2017. 3(3): p. e1601749.
Chen, H., et al., Coal fly ash as a source of iron in atmospheric dust. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012. 46(4): p. 2112-2120.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Geophysical consequences of tropospheric particulate heating: Further evidence that anthropogenic global warming is principally caused by particulate pollution. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2019. 22(4): p. 1-23.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Role of aerosolized coal fly ash in the global plankton imbalance: Case of Florida's toxic algae crisi. Asian Journal of Biology, 2019. 8(2): p. 1-24.
Matsui, H., et al., Anthropogenic combustion iron as a complex climate forcer. Nature communications, 2018. 9(1): p. 1593.
Kopp, E., On the abundance of metal ions in the lower ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 1997. 102(A5): p. 9667-9674.
Plane, J.M., et al., Removal of meteoric iron on polar mesospheric clouds. Science, 2004. 304(5669): p. 426-428.
Saunders, R., et al., An aerosol chamber investigation of the heterogeneous ice nucleating potential of refractory nanoparticles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010. 10(3): p. 1227-1247.
James, A.D., et al., Nucleation of nitric acid hydrates in polar stratospheric clouds by meteoric material. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018. 18(7): p. 4519-4531.
Adachi, K., et al., Meteoritic materials within sulfate aerosol particles in the troposphere are detected with transmission electron microscopy. Communications Earth & Environment, 2022. 3(1): p. 1-9.
Nielsen, J.K., et al., Solid particles in the tropical lowest stratosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007. 7(3): p. 685-695.
Randel, W.J., et al., Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the stratosphere. Science, 2010. 328(5978): p. 611-613.
Kopcewicz, B. and M. Kopcewicz, Iron-containing atmospheric aerosols. Hyperfine interactions, 1998. 111(1): p. 179-187.
Lin, Q., et al., In-cloud formation of secondary species in iron-containing particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019. 19(2): p. 1195-1206.
Kim, D., et al., Atmospheric processing of anthropogenic combustion particles: Effects of acid media and solar flux on the iron mobility from fly ash. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 2020. 4(5): p. 750-761.
Kilchhofer, K., F. Mahrt, and Z.A. Kanji, The role of cloud processing for the ice nucleating ability of organic aerosol and coal fly ash particles. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2021. 126(10): p. e2020JD033338.
Avallone, L.M., Observations for chemistry (in situ) – Resonance Fluorescence. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, 2003.
Tong, H., et al., Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 16(3): p. 1761-1771.
Heikes, B.G., Aqueous H2O2 production from O3 in glass impingers. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1984. 18(7): p. 1433-1445.
Ma, S., et al., Production of hydroxyl radicals from Fe-containing fine particles in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2015. 123: p. 72-78.
Alaghmand, M. and N.V. Blough, Source-dependent variation in hydroxyl radical production by airborne particulate matter. Environmental science & technology, 2007. 41(7): p. 2364-2370.
Zepp, R.G., B.C. Faust, and J. Hoigne, Hydroxyl radical formation in aqueous reactions (pH 3-8) of iron (II) with hydrogen peroxide: the photo-Fenton reaction. Environmental science & technology, 1992. 26(2): p. 313-319.
Paulson, S.E., et al., A light-driven burst of hydroxyl radicals dominates oxidation chemistry in newly activated cloud droplets. Science advances, 2019. 5(5): p. eaav7689.
Jiao, X., et al., Photo-generated hydroxyl radicals contribute to the formation of halogen radicals leading to ozone depletion on and within polar stratospheric clouds surface. Chemosphere, 2022. 291: p. 132816.
Koenig, T.K., et al., Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020. 117(4): p. 1860-1866.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Contamination of the biosphere with mercury: Another potential consequence of on-going climate manipulation using aerosolized coal fly ash J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2017. 13(1): p. 1-11.
Wei, Z., et al., Mobility and contamination assessment of mercury in coal fly ash, atmospheric deposition, and soil collected from Tianjin, China. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2011. 30(9): p. 1997-2003.
Sanei, H., S.E. Grasby, and B. Beauchamp, Latest Permian mercury anomalies. Geology, 2012. 40(1): p. 63-66.
Hall, B., The gas phase oxidation of elemental mercury by ozone, in Mercury as a Global Pollutant1995, Springer. p. 301-315.
Wen, Z., et al., Mechanism and kinetic study on elemental mercury oxidation in flue gas by ozone injection. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2018. 40(1): p. 29-36.
Saiz-Lopez, A., et al., Boundary layer halogens in coastal Antarctica. Science, 2007. 317(5836): p. 348-351.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mark Whiteside, J. Marvin Herndon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
