Disruption of Earth’s Atmospheric Flywheel: Hothouse-Earth Collapse of the Biosphere and Causation of the Sixth Great Extinction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.121.16524Keywords:
Ozone hole, Geoengineering, Chemtrails, Troposphere, Global warming, Ultraviolet radiationAbstract
The Anthropocene is the Epoch of Man, in which human activities have drastically changed Earth’s geology, landscape, ecosystems, biodiversity and climate. The energy necessary to power modern civilization comes from petroleum, natural gas, and coal, the latter derived from millions of years of photosynthesized vegetation, subsequently stored underground. The best stratigraphic markers of the Anthropocene are combustion products of these fuels such as spherical carbonaceous particles and iron-containing magnetic particles. We have previously shown that particle pollution from combustion sources, not carbon dioxide, is the primary cause of global warming. More recently, we have shown combustion products, notably coal fly ash and HULIS aerosols, not chlorofluorocarbons, are the primary cause of stratospheric ozone depletion. Modern-day transformation of the biosphere is strikingly evident in the atmosphere, which has been polluted to the point of overcoming Earth’s atmospheric flywheel (radiation buffering mechanism). The planet is already in a Hothouse Earth phase, with runaway warming triggering multiple “tipping points” that threaten biosphere integrity and human civilization itself. Contrary to the prevailing narrative, the stratospheric ozone layer has been badly damaged, and increasingly deadly ultraviolet radiation now penetrates to Earth’s surface. This situation has been made unimaginably worse by the deliberate, covert planetary modification, euphemistically called geoengineering. While the scientific community, government leaders, the mainstream media, and indeed the masses “look the other way” and ignore the obvious atrocities in our skies, ongoing tropospheric aerosol geoengineering operations continue to spray toxic substances, such as coal fly ash, into the atmosphere. Humanity must wake up to the dire reality we face. International cooperation and crash efforts will be necessary to at least slow the rate of biosphere collapse and salvage something of our critical life support systems. Our time is short to phase out and end all geoengineering activities and to reduce and/or eliminate all sources of coal fly ash and HULIS-type aerosols.
References
Zalasiewicz, J., et al., The new world of the Anthropocene. 2010, ACS Publications.
Zalasiewicz, J., et al., The Anthropocene: a new epoch of geological time? 2011, The Royal Society Publishing. p. 835-841.
Crutzen, P.J., Geology of mankind. Paul J. Crutzen: A pioneer on atmospheric chemistry and climate change in the Anthropocene, 2016: p. 211-215.
Bailey, J. and J. Bailey, The steam age—Evolution of steam engines and the 1st steam locomotive. Inventive Geniuses Who Changed the World: Fifty-Three Great British Scientists and Engineers and Five Centuries of Innovation, 2022: p. 23-36.
https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix
Deonarine, A., G.E. Schwartz, and L.S. Ruhl, Environmental Impacts of Coal Combustion Residuals: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023. 57(5): p. 1855-1869.
Feulner, G., Formation of most of our coal brought Earth close to global glaciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017. 114(43): p. 11333-11337.
Steffen, W., et al., The Anthropocene: From global change to planetary stewardship. Ambio, 2011. 40: p. 739-761.
Williams, M., et al., The anthropocene biosphere. The Anthropocene Review, 2 (3): 196-219. 2015.
Steffen, W., P.J. Crutzen, and J.R. McNeill, The Anthropocene: are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2007. 36(8): p. 614-621.
Berner, R.A., The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition. Nature, 2003.
Herndon, J.M., Air pollution, not greenhouse gases: The principal cause of global warming. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 17(2): p. 1-8.
Herndon, J.M., Role of atmospheric convection in global warming. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2019.
Etheridge, D.M., et al., Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1996. 101(D2): p. 4115-
Machida, T., et al., Increase in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 250 years. Geophysical research letters, 1995. 22(21): p. 2921-2924.
Steffen, W., et al., The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. The Anthropocene Review,
Steffen, W., The Earth system, the great acceleration and the Anthropocene, in Sustainability and the new economics: Synthesising ecological economics and modern monetary theory. 2021, Springer. p. 15-32.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Further evidence that particulate pollution is the principal cause of global warming: Humanitarian considerations. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2019. 21(1): p. 1-11.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Aerosolized coal fly ash particles, the main cause of stratospheric ozone depletion, not chlorofluorocarbon gases. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2022. 10(3): p. 586-603.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Destruction of stratospheric ozone: Role of aerosolized coal fly ash iron. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2022. 10(4): p. 143-153.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, New paradigm: Coal fly ash as the main cause of stratospheric ozone depletion. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2022. 10(5): p. 207-221.
Herndon, J.M., D.D. Williams, and M. Whiteside, Previously unrecognized primary factors in the demise of endangered torrey pines: A microcosm of global forest die-offs. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn. , 2018.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Coal fly ash aerosol: Risk factor for lung cancer. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018. 25(4): p. 1-10.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Aerosolized coal fly ash: Risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018. 25(10): p. 1-11.
Swindles, G.T., et al., Spheroidal carbonaceous particles are a defining stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene. Scientific Reports, 2015. 5: p. 10264.
Rose, N.L., Spheroidal carbonaceous fly ash particles provide a globally synchronous stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015. 49(7): p. 4155-4162.
Thomas, E., et al., First evidence of industrial fly-ash in an Antarctic ice core. Scientific Reports, 2023. 13(1): p. 6529.
Wilczyńska-Michalik, W., et al., Airborne magnetic technoparticles in soils as a record of anthropocene. Atmosphere, 2019. 11(1): p. 44.
Uppenbrink, J., Arrhenius and global warming. Science, 1996. 272(5265): p. 1122-1122.
Arrhenius, S., On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground. Phil. Mag, 1986. 41.
Ponce, V., Global warming science: Good, bad, or ugly. Online article, 2011.
Archer, D., et al., Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide. Annual review of earth and planetary sciences, 2009. 37: p. 117-134.
Herndon, J.M., Scientific misrepresentation and the climate-science cartel. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 18(2): p. 1-13.
Herndon, J.M., Fundamental climate science error: Concomitant harm to humanity and the environment J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 18(3): p. 1-12.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Geophysical consequences of tropospheric particulate heating: Further evidence that anthropogenic global warming is principally caused by particulate pollution. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2019. 22(4): p. 1-23.
Herndon, J.M., Evidence of coal-fly-ash toxic chemical geoengineering in the troposphere: Consequences for public health Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015. 12(8).
Herndon, J.M., An indication of intentional efforts to cause global warming and glacier melting. J. Geography Environ. Earth Sci. Int., 2017. 9(1): p. 1-11.
Herndon, J.M., R.D. Hoisington, and M. Whiteside, Chemtrails are not contrails: Radiometric evidence. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2020. 24(2): p. 22-29.
Petit, J.-R., et al., Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 1999. 399(6735): p. 429.
Herndon, J.M., Evidence of variable Earth-heat production, global non-anthropogenic climate change, and geoengineered global warming and polar melting. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2017. 10(1): p. 16.
Gottschalk, B., Global surface temperature trends and the effect of World War II: a parametric analysis (long version). arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.06511.
Gottschalk, B., Global surface temperature trends and the effect of World War II. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.09281.
Herndon, J.M., Reasons why geomagnetic field generation is physically impossible in Earth's fluid core. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2021. 8(5): p. 84-97.
Chandrasekhar, S., Thermal Convection. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 1957. 86(4): p. 323-339.
Herndon, J.M., Geodynamic Basis of Heat Transport in the Earth. Curr. Sci., 2011. 101(11): p. 1440-1450.
http://nuclearplanet.com/convection.mp4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAXOXx3H8AI
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Further evidence of coal fly ash utilization in tropospheric geoengineering: Implications on human and environmental health. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2017.
Talukdar, S., et al., Influence of black carbon aerosol on the atmospheric instability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.
Mass, C. and A. Robock, The short-term influence of the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption on surface temperature in the Northwest United States. Monthly Weather Review, 1982. 110(6): p. 614-622.
Qu, M., J. Wan, and X. Hao, Analysis of diurnal air temperature range change in the continental United States. Weather and Climate Extremes, 2014. 4: p. 86-95.
Kidder, D.L. and T.R. Worsley, A human-induced hothouse climate. GSA Today, 2012. 22(2): p. 4-11.
Wignall, P.B., Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth-science reviews, 2001. 53(1-2): p. 1-33.
Winguth, A.M., C.A. Shields, and C. Winguth, Transition into a hothouse world at the Permian–Triassic boundary—a model study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2015. 440: p. 316-327.
Ogden, D.E. and N.H. Sleep, Explosive eruption of coal and basalt and the end-Permian mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012. 109(1): p. 59-62.
Grasby, S.E., H. Sanei, and B. Beauchamp, Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction. Nature Geoscience, 2011. 4(2): p. 104.
Visscher, H., et al., Environmental mutagenesis during the end-Permian ecological crisis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. 101(35): p. 12952-12956.
Brand, U., et al., Methane Hydrate: Killer cause of Earth's greatest mass extinction. Palaeoworld, 2016.
Ceballos, G., P.R. Ehrlich, and P.H. Raven, Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020. 117(24): p. 13596-
Rockström, J., et al., A safe operating space for humanity. nature, 2009. 461(7263): p. 472-475.
Rockström, J., et al., Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 2009. 14(2).
Steffen, W., et al., Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 2015. 347(6223): p. 1259855.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Collapse of Earth's biosphere: A case of planetary treason. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2022. 9(8): p. 259-281.
Steffen, W., et al., Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2018. 115(33): p. 8252-8259.
Husson, J.M. and S.E. Peters, Atmospheric oxygenation driven by unsteady growth of the continental sedimentary reservoir. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2017. 460: p. 68-75.
Huang, J., et al., The global oxygen budget and its future projection. Science Bulletin, 2018. 63(18): p. 1180-1186.
Ball, W.T., et al., Evidence for a continuous decline in lower stratospheric ozone offsetting ozone layer recovery. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018. 18(2): p. 1379-1394.
Steffen, W., Introducing the Anthropocene: The Human Epoch: This Article Belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Anthropocene. Ambio, 2021. 50(10): p. 1784-1787.
MacDonald, G.J., How to wreck the environment, in Unless Peace Comes: A Scientific Forecast of New Weapons. 1968, The Viking Press: New York. p. 181-205.
Teller, E., The Planet Needs a Sunscreen, in Wall Street Journal. 1997.
Brownlee, K., Statistical evaluation of cloud seeding operations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1960: p. 446-453.
House, T.J., et al., Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025. US Air Force, 1996. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a333462.pdf.
Newell, H.E., A recommended national program in weather modification – a report to the interdepartmental committee for atmospheric sciences (ICAS) No. 10a, in Federal Council for Science and Technology – Executive Office of the President. 1996: Washington, DC.
Senate, U.S., Weather Modification: Programs, Problems, Policy, and Potential. 1978: Washington, DC.
Fleming, J.R., Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control. 2010, New York: Columbia University Press.
Kirby, P.A., Chemtrails Exposed. 2012.
https://texasarchive.org/2010_00003
Shepherd, J., et al., Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty 2009. Royal Society: London.
https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1978/10/19781005%2000-39%20AM/Ch_XXVI_01p.pdf
http://nuclearplanet.com/Environmental_Warfare.html
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Aerosolized coal fly ash: A previously unrecognized primary factor in the catastrophic global demise of bird populations and species. Asian J. Biol., 2018. 6(4): p. 1-13.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Intentional destruction of life on Earth. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2021. 8(7): p. 295-309.
Dwivedi, A. and M.K. Jain, Fly ash waste management and overview: A Review. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2014. 6(1).
Moreno, N., et al., Physico-chemical characteristics of European pulverized coal combustion fly ashes. Fuel, 2005. 84: p. 1351-1363.
Herndon, J.M., Aluminum poisoning of humanity and Earth's biota by clandestine geoengineering activity: implications for India. Curr. Sci., 2015. 108(12): p. 2173-2177.
Suloway, J.J., et al., Chemical and toxicological properties of coal fly ash, in Environmental Geology Notes 105. 1983, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources: Illinois.
Herndon, J.M., M. Whiteside, and I. Baldwin, The ENMOD treaty and the sanctioned assault on agriculture and human and environmental health. Agrotechnology, 2020. 9(191): p. 1-9.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Geoengineering: The deadly new global “Miasma”. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2019. 29(12): p. 1-8.
Fisher, G.L., et al., Physical and biological studies of coal and oil fly ash. Environmental health perspectives, 1983. 51: p. 181-186.
Fisher, G.L., Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products. Environ. Health Persp., 1983. 47: p. 189-199.
Tishmack, J.K. and P.E. Burns, The chemistry and mineralogy of coal and coal combustion products. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2004. 236(1): p. 223-246.
Umo, N., et al., Ice nucleation by combustion ash particles at conditions relevant to mixed-phase clouds.
Mudiar, D., et al., Electric field enlarges raindrops beneath electrified clouds: Observational evidence. Geophysical Research Letters, 2021. 48(14): p. e2021GL093577.
Herndon, J.M., M. Whiteside, and I. Baldwin, Fifty Years after “How to Wreck the Environment”: Anthropogenic Extinction of Life on Earth. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 16(3): p. 1-15.
Trenberth, K.E., et al., The changing character of precipitation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2003. 84(9): p. 1205-1218.
Randles, C., P. Colarco, and A. Da Silva, Direct and semi‐direct aerosol effects in the NASA GEOS‐5 AGCM: Aerosol‐climate interactions due to prognostic versus prescribed aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013. 118(1): p. 149-169.
Zhou, R., et al., Relationships of the Hygroscopicity of HULIS with Their Degrees of Oxygenation and Sources in the Urban Atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2022. 127(24): p. e2022JD037163.
Sherwood, S.C., et al., Tropospheric water vapor, convection, and climate. Rev. Geophys., 2010. 48: p. RG2001.
Friedrich, M., Air Pollution Is Greatest Environmental Threat to Health. JAMA, 2018. 319(11): p. 1085-
Vohra, K., et al., Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environmental research, 2021. 195: p. 110754.
Linak, W.P., et al., Ultrafine ash aerosols from coal combustion: Characterization and health effects. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007. 31(2): p. 1929-1937.
Lodovici, M. and E. Bigagli, Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure. Journal of toxicology, 2011. 2011.
Tegen, I. and A.A. Lacis, Modeling of particle size distribution and its influence on the radiative properties of mineral dust. J. Geophys. Res., 1996. 101(D14): p. 19237-19244.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Aerosolized coal fly ash: Risk factor for COPD and respiratory disease. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018. 26(7): p. 1-13.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Geoengineering, coal fly ash and the new heart-Iron connection: Universal exposure to iron oxide nanoparticulates. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2019.
Terzano, C., et al., Air pollution ultrafine particles: toxicity beyond the lung. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2010. 14(10): p. 809-821.
Maher, B.A., et al., Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2016.
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L., et al., Combustion-and friction-derived magnetic air pollution nanoparticles in human hearts. Environmental Research, 2019: p. 108567.
Kirschvink, J.L., et al., Magnetite in human tissues: a mechanism for the biological effects of weak ELF magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 1992. 13(S1): p. 101-113.
Liu, N.M., et al., Evidence for the presence of air pollution nanoparticles in placental tissue cells. Science of The Total Environment, 2021. 751: p. 142235.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Environmental warfare against American citizens: An open letter to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2020. 7(8): p. 382-397.
Blanchard, J., Living Planet Report 2020: Bending the Curve of Biodiversity Loss. 2020.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Previously unacknowledged potential factors in catastrophic bee and insect die-off arising from coal fly ash geoengineering Asian J. Biol., 2018. 6(4): p. 1-13.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Unacknowledged potential factors in catastrophic bat die-off arising from coal fly ash geoengineering. Asian Journal of Biology, 2019. 8(4): p. 1-13.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Contamination of the biosphere with mercury: Another potential consequence of on-going climate manipulation using aerosolized coal fly ash J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2017. 13(1): p. 1-11.
Sparling, D.W. and T.P. Lowe, Environmental hazards of aluminum to plants, invertibrates, fish, and wildlife. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1996. 145: p. 1-127.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, California wildfires: Role of undisclosed atmospheric manipulation and geoengineering. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 17(3): p. 1-18.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Role of aerosolized coal fly ash in the global plankton imbalance: Case of Florida's toxic algae crisi. Asian Journal of Biology, 2019. 8(2): p. 1-24.
El Husseini, M.M., Weather Engineering and its Undesirable Side Effects on the Environment, Natural Resources, Agriculture and Human. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 2019. 3.7.
Herndon, J.M., M. Whiteside, and I. Baldwin, Open letter to the International Criminal Court alleging United Nations complicity in planetary treason. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2022.
Pöschl, U., Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2005. 44(46): p. 7520-7540.
Hunt, A.J., Small particle heat exchangers. University of California, Berkeley Report No. LBL-7841. 1978.
Shamjad, P., et al., Refractive index and absorption attribution of highly absorbing brown carbon aerosols from an urban Indian City-Kanpur. Scientific reports, 2016. 6: p. 37735.
Chakrabarty, R.K. and W.R. Heinson, Scaling Laws for Light Absorption Enhancement Due to Nonrefractory Coating of Atmospheric Black Carbon Aerosol. Physical review letters, 2018. 121(21): p.
Moteki, N., et al., Anthropogenic iron oxide aerosols enhance atmospheric heating. Nature communications, 2017. 8: p. 15329.
Richardson, K., et al., Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries. Science advances, 2023. 9(37): p. eadh2458.
Memarzadeh, F., A review of recent evidence for utilizing ultraviolet irradiation technology to disinfect both indoor air and surfaces. Applied Biosafety, 2021. 26(1): p. 52-56.
Herndon, J.M., R.D. Hoisington, and M. Whiteside, Deadly ultraviolet UV-C and UV-B penetration to Earth’s surface: Human and environmental health implications. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 14(2): p. 1-
D'Antoni, H., et al., Extreme environments in the forests of Ushuaia, Argentina. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007. 34(22).
Bancroft, B.A., N.J. Baker, and A.R. Blaustein, Effects of UVB radiation on marine and freshwater organisms: a synthesis through meta‐analysis. Ecology letters, 2007. 10(4): p. 332-345.
El‐Sayed, S.Z., G.L. Van Dijken, and G. Gonzalez‐Rodas, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on marine ecosystems. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1996. 51(3): p. 199-216.
Lyons, M., et al., DNA damage induced by ultraviolet radiation in coral-reef microbial communities. Marine Biology, 1998. 130(3): p. 537-543.
Ries, G., et al., Elevated UV-B radiation reduces genome stability in plants. Nature, 2000. 406(6791): p. 98.
Benca, J.P., I.A. Duijnstee, and C.V. Looy, UV-B–induced forest sterility: Implications of ozone shield failure in Earth’s largest extinction. Science Advances, 2018. 4(2): p. e1700618.
Hori, M., et al., Lethal effects of short-wavelength visible light on insects. Scientific Reports, 2014. 4: p.
Reed, N.G., The history of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for air disinfection. Public health reports, 2010. 125(1): p. 15-27.
Hoisington, R.D., M. Whiteside, and J.M. Herndon, Unequivocal detection of solar ultraviolet radiation 250-300 nm (UV-C) at Earth’s surface. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2023. 11(2): p. 455-472.
Lu, Q.-B., Observation of large and all-season ozone losses over the tropics. AIP Advances, 2022. 12(7).
Yook, S., D.W. Thompson, and S. Solomon, Climate impacts and potential drivers of the unprecedented Antarctic ozone holes of 2020 and 2021. Geophysical Research Letters, 2022. 49(10): p. e2022GL098064.
Molina, M.J. and F.S. Rowland, Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature, 1974. 249: p. 810-812.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Humic like substances (HULIS): Contribution to global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2023. 11(2): p. 325-346.
de Reus, M., et al., Particle production in the lowermost stratosphere by convective lifting of the tropopause. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1999. 104(D19): p. 23935-23940.
Murphy, D., et al., Observations of the chemical composition of stratospheric aerosol particles. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2014. 140(681): p. 1269-1278.
Ebert, M., et al., Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 16(13): p. 8405-
Alebic-Juretic, A., T. Cvitas, and L. Klasinc, Ozone destruction on solid particles. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 1997. 44(1): p. 241-247.
Pedersen, K.H., et al., Post-treatment of fly ash by ozone in a fixed bed reactor. Energy & fuels, 2009. 23(1): p. 280-285.
NRC, Trace-element Geochemistry of Coal Resource Development Related to Environmental Quality and Health. 1980: National Academy Press. 391
Michel, A., C. Usher, and V. Grassian, Heterogeneous and catalytic uptake of ozone on mineral oxides and dusts: A Knudsen cell investigation. Geophysical research letters, 2002. 29(14): p. 10-1-10-4.
Fenidel, W., et al., Interaction between carbon or iron aerosol particles and ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 1995. 29(9): p. 967-973.
Zheng, G., et al., Measurement of humic-like substances in aerosols: A review. Environmental Pollution, 2013. 181: p. 301-314.
Li, X., et al., Quantifying primary and secondary humic-like substances in urban aerosol based on emission source characterization and a source-oriented air quality model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019. 19(4): p. 2327-2341.
Baduel, C., et al., Oxidation of atmospheric humic like substances by ozone: a kinetic and structural analysis approach. Environmental science & technology, 2011. 45(12): p. 5238-5244.
Solomon, S., et al., Chlorine activation and enhanced ozone depletion induced by wildfire aerosol. Nature, 2023. 615(7951): p. 259-264.
Bernath, P., C. Boone, and J. Crouse, Wildfire smoke destroys stratospheric ozone. Science, 2022.
Ansmann, A., et al., Ozone depletion in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere induced by wildfire smoke.
Brigante, M., et al., Multiphase chemistry of ozone on fulvic acids solutions. Environmental science & technology, 2008. 42(24): p. 9165-9170.
D'Anna, B., et al., Light‐induced ozone depletion by humic acid films and submicron aerosol particles. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2009. 114(D12).
Dinar, E., et al., The complex refractive index of atmospheric and model humic-like substances (HULIS) retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD-AS). Faraday discussions, 2008. 137: p. 279-
Afsana, S., et al., Abundance, chemical structure, and light absorption properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) and other organic fractions of forest aerosols in Hokkaido. Scientific Reports, 2022. 12(1): p.
Pani, S.K., et al., Humic-like substances (HULIS) in springtime aerosols at a high-altitude background station in the western North Pacific: Source attribution, abundance, and light-absorption. Science of The Total Environment, 2022. 809: p. 151180.
Yue, S., et al., Brown carbon from biomass burning imposes strong circum-Arctic warming. One Earth, 2022. 5(3): p. 293-304.
Urrutia‐Cordero, P., et al., Phytoplankton diversity loss along a gradient of future warming and brownification in freshwater mesocosms. Freshwater Biology, 2017. 62(11): p. 1869-1878.
Wu, G.-M., et al., Brown carbon in the cryosphere: Current knowledge and perspective. Advances in Climate Change Research, 2016. 7(1-2): p. 82-89.
Haustein, K. and Q. Rayer, Water Cycle Changes in a Warming World: The Scientific Background. Water Risk Modeling: Developing Risk-Return Management Techniques in Finance and Beyond, 2023: p. 15-50.
Fu, R., et al., Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006. 103(15): p. 5664-5669.
Shindell, D.T., Climate and ozone response to increased stratospheric water vapor. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001. 28(8): p. 1551-1554.
Evan, S., et al., Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption. Science, 2023. 382(6668): p. eadg2551.
Steiner, A.K., et al., Observed temperature changes in the troposphere and stratosphere from 1979 to 2018. Journal of Climate, 2020. 33(19): p. 8165-8194.
Santer, B.D., et al., Tropospheric warming over the past two decades. Scientific reports, 2017. 7(1): p.
Meng, L., et al., Continuous rise of the tropopause in the Northern Hemisphere over 1980–2020. Science Advances, 2021. 7(45): p. eabi8065.
Match, A. and E.P. Gerber, Tropospheric expansion under global warming reduces tropical lower stratospheric ozone. Geophysical Research Letters, 2022. 49(19): p. e2022GL099463.
Su, H., et al., Observed increase of TTL temperature and water vapor in polluted clouds over Asia. Journal of Climate, 2011. 24(11): p. 2728-2736.
Huang, X., et al., Aerosol high water contents favor sulfate and secondary organic aerosol formation from fossil fuel combustion emissions. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 2023. 6(1): p. 173.
Lenton, T.M., et al., Climate tipping points—too risky to bet against. Nature, 2019. 575(7784): p. 592-595.
Ditlevsen, P. and S. Ditlevsen, Warning of a forthcoming collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nature Communications, 2023. 14(1): p. 1-12.
Moses, A., Collapse of civilisation is the most likely outcome’: top climate scientists. Voice of Action. Melbourne, Australia, 2020. 8: p. 2020.
Rome, A., The limits to growth: A report for the club of Rome's project on the predicament of mankind. Nature, 2015. 527(7579): p. 443-445.
Folke, C., J. Rockström, and K. Richardson, Obituary–Will Steffen, the father of Earth System science. Global Sustainability, 2023. 6: p. e19.
Ceballos, G., P.R. Ehrlich, and R. Dirzo, Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017. 114(30): p. E6089-E6096.
Bradshaw, C.J., et al., Underestimating the challenges of avoiding a ghastly future. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 2021. 1: p. 9.
Revkin, A., Global warming: understanding the forecast. 1992: Abbeville Press New York.
Allan, B.B., Second only to nuclear war: Science and the making of existential threat in global climate governance. International Studies Quarterly, 2017. 61(4): p. 809-820.
Supran, G., S. Rahmstorf, and N. Oreskes, Assessing ExxonMobil’s global warming projections. Science, 2023. 379(6628): p. eabk0063. 393
Ripple, W.J., et al., World scientists’ warning of a climate emergency. BioScience, 2020. 70(1): p. 8-100.
Herrington, G., Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2021. 25(3): p. 614-626.
Kemp, L., et al., Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022. 119(34): p. e2108146119.
Benton, M.J., Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2018. 376(2130): p. 20170076.
Kataria, S., A. Jajoo, and K.N. Guruprasad, Impact of increasing Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthetic processes. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2014. 137: p. 55-66.
Joshi, M. and M. Fragata, Heat-induced changes in the photochemical centres and the protein secondary structures of photosystem II studied by variable fluorescence and difference FT-IR spectroscopy. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 1999. 54(1-2): p. 35-43.
Goldblatt, C. and A.J. Watson, The runaway greenhouse: implications for future climate change, geoengineering and planetary atmospheres. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2012. 370(1974): p. 4197-4216.
Morgenstern, O., et al., The world avoided by the Montreal Protocol. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008. 35(16).
Lambright, W.H., NASA and the Politics of Climate Research: Satellites and Rising Seas. 2023: Springer Nature.
Dobson, G.M.B., Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1956. 236(1205): p. 187-193.
Komhyr, W. and R. Evans, Dobson spectrophotometer total ozone measurement errors caused by interfering absorbing species such as SO2, NO2, and photochemically produced O3 in polluted air. Geophysical Research Letters, 1980. 7(2): p. 157-160.
Herman, J., et al., Distribution of UV radiation at the Earth's surface from TOMS‐measured UV‐backscattered radiances. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1999. 104(D10): p. 12059-
Wang, W., et al., The Influence of Sulfur Dioxide on Dobson Spectrophotometer Total Ozone Measurement: Analysis on the Basis of Theoretical Factor. Journal of Coastal Research, 2015(73): p. 353-358.
Egli, L., et al., Quality assessment of solar UV irradiance measured with array spectroradiometers. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2016. 9(4): p. 1553-1567.
Madronich, S., et al., Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 1998. 46(1-3): p. 5-19.
Farman, J.C., B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin, Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO x/NO x interaction. Nature, 1985. 315(6016): p. 207-210.
Zuev, V.V., et al., The Antarctic ozone depletion caused by Erebus volcano gas emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 2015. 122: p. 393-399.
Newman, P.A., Antarctic total ozone in 1958. Science, 1994. 264(5158): p. 543-546.
Kerr, J. and C. McElroy, Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion. Science, 1993. 262(5136): p. 1032-1034.
Douglass, A.R., P.A. Newman, and S. Solomon, The Antarctic ozone hole: An update. 2014.
Kessenich, H.E., A. Seppälä, and C.J. Rodger, Potential drivers of the recent large Antarctic ozone holes. Nature Communications, 2023. 14(1): p. 7259.
Andersen, M.P.S., et al., United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Questions and Answers about the Effects of Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate on Humans and the Environment. Supplement of the 2022 Assessment Report of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel. 2023.
Manney, G.L., et al., Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011. Nature, 2011. 478(7370): p. 469-475.
Bernhard, G., et al., High levels of ultraviolet radiation observed by ground-based instruments below the 2011 Arctic ozone hole. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013. 13(21): p. 10573-10590.
Cordero, R.R., et al., Persistent extreme ultraviolet irradiance in Antarctica despite the ozone recovery onset. Scientific reports, 2022. 12(1): p. 1266.
Thompson, A.M., et al., Ozonesondes: Instrumentation and Data Applications, in Field Measurements for Passive Environmental Remote Sensing. 2023, Elsevier. p. 57-78.
Kuttippurath, J., et al., Estimation of Antarctic ozone loss from ground-based total column measurements.
Wohltmann, I., et al., Near‐complete local reduction of Arctic stratospheric ozone by severe chemical loss in spring 2020. Geophysical Research Letters, 2020. 47(20): p. e2020GL089547.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mark Whiteside, M.D., M.P.H., J. Marvin Herndon, Ph.D.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
