Aerosolized Coal Fly Ash Particles, the Main Cause of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, not Chlorofluorocarbon Gases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.103.12524Keywords:
Ozone hole, Geoengineering, Chemtrails, Troposphere, Global warming, Ultraviolet radiationAbstract
We present compelling evidence that supports our contention that aerosolized coal fly ash particles are the main agents responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion, not chlorofluorocarbon gases. Aerosolized coal fly ash particles, uplifted to the stratosphere, not only serve as ice-nucleating agents, but are trapped and concentrated in stratospheric clouds, including Polar Stratospheric Clouds. In springtime, as stratospheric clouds begin to melt/evaporate, said ozone-consuming coal fly ash particles are released making them available to react with and consume stratospheric ozone. Ceasing to contaminate the environment with aerosolized coal fly ash will decrease stratospheric ozone destruction, reduce global warming, and will significantly improve human and environmental health.
References
Herndon, J.M., Paradigm Shifts: A Primer for Students, Teachers, Scientists and the Curious2021: Amazon.com.
Herndon, J.M., What's wrong with this picture? Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2022. 9(3): p. 64-69.
McCormick, M., et al., Polar stratospheric cloud sightings by SAM II. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 1982.
Hamill, P., O. Toon, and R. Turco, Characteristics of polar stratospheric clouds during the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole. Geophysical research letters, 1986. 13(12): p. 1288-1291.
Farman, J.C., B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin, Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction. Nature, 1985. 315(6016): p. 207-210.
Stolarski, R.S., et al., Nimbus 7 satellite measurements of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease. Nature, 1986. 322(6082): p. 808-811.
Solomon, S., The mystery of the Antarctic ozone “hole”. Reviews of Geophysics, 1988. 26(1): p. 131-148.
Molina, M.J. and F.S. Rowland, Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature, 1974. 249(5460): p. 810-812.
Crutzen, P.J., Ozone production rates in an oxygen-hydrogen-nitrogen oxide atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1971. 76(30): p. 7311-7327.
Protocol, w.M., https://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol.
Tritscher, I., et al., Polar stratospheric clouds: Satellite observations, processes, and role in ozone depletion. Reviews of geophysics, 2021. 59(2): p. e2020RG000702.
Solomon, S., et al., On the depletion of Antarctic ozone. Nature, 1986. 321(6072): p. 755-758.
Wignall, P.B., Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth-Science Reviews, 2001. 53(1): p. 1-33.
Ogden, D.E. and N.H. Sleep, Explosive eruption of coal and basalt and the end-Permian mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012. 109(1): p. 59-62.
Grasby, S.E., H. Sanei, and B. Beauchamp, Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction. Nature Geoscience, 2011. 4(2): p. 104.
Brand, U., et al., Methane Hydrate: Killer cause of Earth's greatest mass extinction. Palaeoworld, 2016. 25(4): p. 496-507.
Visscher, H., et al., Environmental mutagenesis during the end-Permian ecological crisis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. 101(35): p. 12952-12956.
Schoene, B., et al., U-Pb geochronology of the Deccan Traps and relation to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Science, 2015. 347(6218): p. 182-184.
https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/world-total-coal-production-1971-2020
Höök, M., et al., Global coal production outlooks based on a logistic model. Fuel, 2010. 89(11): p. 3546-3558.
Dwivedi, A. and M.K. Jain, Fly ash–waste management and overview: A Review. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2014. 6(1).
Huang, S.-H. and C.-C. Chen, Ultrafine aerosol penetration through electrostatic precipitators. Environmental science & technology, 2002. 36(21): p. 4625-4632.
Baxter, M., Environmental radioactivity: A perspective on industrial contributions. IAEA Bulletin, 1993.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Contamination of the biosphere with mercury: Another potential consequence of on-going climate manipulation using aerosolized coal fly ash J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2017. 13(1): p. 1-11.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Nature as a Weapon of Global War: The Deliberate Destruction of Life on Earth2021, Worldwide: Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09KN2LFXL/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1636027677&sr=8-1.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Chemtrails are not Contrails: The Face of Evil2022: Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09X49TGWB?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860
Herndon, J.M., M. Whiteside, and I. Baldwin, The ENMOD treaty and the sanctioned assault on agriculture and human and environmental health. Agrotechnology, 2020. 9(191): p. 1-9.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Aerosol particulates, SARS-CoV-2, and the broader potential for global devastation. Open Access Journal of Internal Medicine, 2020. 3(1): p. 14-21.
Umo, N.S., et al., Enhanced ice nucleation activity of coal fly ash aerosol particles initiated by ice-filled pores. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 2019. 19(13): p. 8783-8800.
Cziczo, D.J., et al., Clarifying the dominant sources and mechanisms of cirrus cloud formation. Science, 2013.
Richardson, M.S., et al., Measurements of heterogeneous ice nuclei in the western United States in springtime and their relation to aerosol characteristics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007. 112(D2).
Das, T., B.K. Saikia, and B.P. Baruah, Formation of carbon nano-balls and carbon nano-tubes from northeast Indian Tertiary coal: value added products from low grade coal. Gondwana Research, 2016. 31: p. 295-304.
Alam, J., et al., Recent advances in methods for the recovery of carbon nanominerals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons from coal fly ash and their emerging applications. Crystals, 2021. 11(2): p. 88.
Schütze, K., et al., Submicrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere. 2017.
Francis, A.H., Electronic Structure Calculations on Fullerenes and Their Derivatives By Jerzy Cioslowski (Florida State University). Oxford University Press: New York. 1995. ix + 281 pp. $65.00. ISBN 0-19-508806-9. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1996. 118(39): p. 9458-9458.
Dosodia, A., et al., Development of Catalyst Free Carbon Nanotubes from Coal and Waste Plastics. Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 2009. 17(5): p. 567-582.
Tiwari, A.J., M. Ashraf-Khorassani, and L.C. Marr, C60 fullerenes from combustion of common fuels. Science of The Total Environment, 2016. 547: p. 254-260.
Saikia, J., et al., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) around tea processing industries using high-sulfur coals. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2017. 39(5): p. 1101-1116.
Hower, J.C., et al., Association of the Sites of Heavy Metals with Nanoscale Carbon in a Kentucky Electrostatic Precipitator Fly Ash. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008. 42(22): p. 8471-8477.
Paul, K.T., et al., Preparation and Characterization of Nano structured Materials from Fly Ash: A Waste from Thermal Power Stations, by High Energy Ball Milling. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2007. 2(8): p. 397.
Graham, U., et al. Ultra-Fine PM Derived from Fullerene-Like Carbon in Electrostatic Precipitator Fly Ash. in Proceedings of 2008 AIChE Annual Meeting, Philadelphia (USA). 2008.
Salah, N., et al., Formation of Carbon Nanotubes from Carbon-Rich Fly Ash: Growth Parameters and Mechanism. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2016. 31(2): p. 146-156.
Monthioux, M. and V.L. Kuznetsov, Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes? Carbon, 2006. 44(9): p. 1621-1623.
Kronbauer, M.A., et al., Geochemistry of ultra-fine and nano-compounds in coal gasification ashes: A synoptic view. Science of The Total Environment, 2013. 456-457: p. 95-103.
Chen, Y., et al., Transmission electron microscopy investigation of ultrafine coal fly ash particles. Environ. Science and Technology, 2005. 39(4): p. 1144-1151.
Murr, L.E. and K.F. Soto, A TEM study of soot, carbon nanotubes, and related fullerene nanopolyhedra in common fuel-gas combustion sources. Materials Characterization, 2005. 55(1): p. 50-65.
Moon, M.-W., et al., Nanostructured Carbon Materials. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015. 2015: p. 916834.
Everson, R.C., et al., Reaction kinetics of pulverized coal-chars derived from inertinite-rich coal discards: Gasification with carbon dioxide and steam. Fuel, 2006. 85(7): p. 1076-1082.
Chen, Z., et al., Energy Storage: Confined Assembly of Hollow Carbon Spheres in Carbonaceous Nanotube: A Spheres-in-Tube Carbon Nanostructure with Hierarchical Porosity for High-Performance Supercapacitor (Small 19/2018). Small, 2018. 14(19): p. 1870089.
Oliveira, M.L., et al., Nano-mineralogical investigation of coal and fly ashes from coal-based captive power plant (India): an introduction of occupational health hazards. Science of the Total Environment, 2014. 468: p.
Silva, L.F., et al., Nanometric particles of high economic value in coal fire region: opportunities for social improvement. Journal of cleaner production, 2020. 256: p. 120480.
de Reus, M., et al., Particle production in the lowermost stratosphere by convective lifting of the tropopause. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1999. 104(D19): p. 23935-23940.
Baars, H., et al., The unprecedented 2017–2018 stratospheric smoke event: decay phase and aerosol properties observed with the EARLINET. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 2019. 19(23): p. 15183-15198.
Nielsen, J.K., et al., Solid particles in the tropical lowest stratosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007. 7(3): p. 685-695.
Ebert, M., et al., Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 16(13): p. 8405-8421.
Smołka-Danielowska, D., Heavy metals in fly ash from a coal-fired power station in Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2006. 15(6).
Vu, D.-H., et al., Composition and morphology characteristics of magnetic fractions of coal fly ash wastes processed in high-temperature exposure in thermal power plants. Applied Sciences, 2019. 9(9): p. 1964.
Silva, L., T. Moreno, and X. Querol, An introductory TEM study of Fe-nanominerals within coal fly ash. Science of the Total Environment, 2009. 407(17): p. 4972-4974.
Chen, Y., et al., Characterization of ultrafine coal fly ash particles by energy filtered TEM. Journal of Microscopy, 2005. 217(3): p. 225-234.
Martinello, K., et al., Direct identification of hazardous elements in ultra-fine and nanominerals from coal fly ash produced during diesel co-firing. Science of the Total Environment, 2014. 470: p. 444-452.
Ribeiro, J., et al., Extensive FE-SEM/EDS, HR-TEM/EDS and ToF-SIMS studies of micron-to nano-particles in anthracite fly ash. Science of the total environment, 2013. 452: p. 98-107.
Silva, L.F., et al., Fullerenes and metallofullerenes in coal-fired stoker fly ash. Coal Combustion and Gasification Products, 2010. 2: p. 66-79.
Dias, C.L., et al., Nanominerals and ultrafine particles from coal fires from Santa Catarina, South Brazil. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2014. 122: p. 50-60.
Linak, W.P., et al., Ultrafine ash aerosols from coal combustion: Characterization and health effects. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007. 31(2): p. 1929-1937.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Intentional destruction of life on Earth. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2021. 8(7): p. 295-309.
Fisher, G.L., Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products. Environ. Health Persp., 1983. 47: p. 189-199.
Moreno, N., et al., Physico-chemical characteristics of European pulverized coal combustion fly ashes. Fuel, 2005. 84: p. 1351-1363.
Herndon, J.M., M. Whiteside, and I. Baldwin, Fifty Years after “How to Wreck the Environment”: Anthropogenic Extinction of Life on Earth. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 16(3): p. 1-15.
Simpson, W.R., et al., Halogens and their role in polar boundary-layer ozone depletion. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007. 7(16): p. 4375-4418.
Read, K.A., et al., Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 2008. 453(7199): p. 1232-1235.
Peng, X., et al., An unexpected large continental source of reactive bromine and chlorine with significant impact on wintertime air quality. National science review, 2021. 8(7): p. nwaa304.
NRC, Trace-element Geochemistry of Coal Resource Development Related to Environmental Quality and Health1980: National Academy Press.
Pedersen, K.H., et al., Post-treatment of fly ash by ozone in a fixed bed reactor. Energy & fuels, 2009. 23(1): p.
Chen, X., et al. FLY ASH BENEFICATION WITH OZONE: MECHANISM OF ADSORPTION SUPRESSION. in ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 2002. AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA.
Alebic-Juretic, A., T. Cvitas, and L. Klasinc, Ozone destruction on solid particles. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 1997. 44(1): p. 241-247.
Atale, S., et al., Ozone reactions with various carbon materials. Jap Pat CA, 1995. 123: p. 121871.
Zhang, H., J.Y. Lee, and H. Liu, Ozone Decomposition on Defective Graphene: Insights from Modeling. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2021. 125(20): p. 10948-10954.
Michel, A., C. Usher, and V. Grassian, Reactive uptake of ozone on mineral oxides and mineral dusts. Atmospheric Environment, 2003. 37(23): p. 3201-3211.
Coates Fuentes, Z.L., T.M. Kucinski, and R.Z. Hinrichs, Ozone decomposition on kaolinite as a function of monoterpene exposure and relative humidity. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 2018. 2(1): p. 21-30.
Lasne, J., M.N. Romanias, and F. Thevenet, Ozone uptake by clay dusts under environmental conditions. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 2018. 2(9): p. 904-914.
Hanisch, F. and J. Crowley, Ozone decomposition on Saharan dust: an experimental investigation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2002. 2(6): p. 1809-1845.
Yan, L., J. Bing, and H. Wu, The behavior of ozone on different iron oxides surface sites in water. Scientific reports, 2019. 9(1): p. 1-10.
Xu, Z., et al., A novel γ-like MnO2 catalyst for ozone decomposition in high humidity conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021. 420: p. 126641.
Heisig, C., W. Zhang, and S.T. Oyama, Decomposition of ozone using carbon-supported metal oxide catalysts. Applied catalysis B: environmental, 1997. 14(1-2): p. 117-129.
Kashtanov, L., N. Ivanova, and B. Rizhov, Catalytic activity of metals in ozone decomposition. J. Applied Chemistry, 1936. 9: p. 2176-2182.
Reckhow, D.A., et al., Oxidation Of Iron And Manganese By Ozone. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 1991. 13(6): p. 675-695.
Emelyanova, G., V. Lebedev, and N. Kobozev, Catalytic activity of noble metals in ozone destruction. J Phys Chem, 1964. 38: p. 170-180.
Herndon, J.M., R.D. Hoisington, and M. Whiteside, Chemtrails are not contrails: Radiometric evidence. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2020. 24(2): p. 22-29.
Herndon, J.M., Evidence of coal-fly-ash toxic chemical geoengineering in the troposphere: Consequences for public health Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015. 12(8).
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Further evidence of coal fly ash utilization in tropospheric geoengineering: Implications on human and environmental health. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2017. 9(1): p. 1-8.
Suloway, J.J., et al., Chemical and toxicological properties of coal fly ash, in Environmental Geology Notes 1051983, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources: Illinois.
Herndon, J.M., D.D. Williams, and M. Whiteside, Previously unrecognized primary factors in the demise of endangered torrey pines: A microcosm of global forest die-offs. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn. , 2018. 16(4): p.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Aerosolized coal fly ash: A previously unrecognized primary factor in the catastrophic global demise of bird populations and species. Asian J. Biol., 2018. 6(4): p. 1-13.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Aerosolized coal fly ash: Risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018. 25(10): p. 1-11.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Aerosolized coal fly ash: Risk factor for COPD and respiratory disease. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018. 26(7): p. 1-13.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Geoengineering: The deadly new global “Miasma”. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2019. 29(12): p. 1-8.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Coal fly ash aerosol: Risk factor for lung cancer. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018. 25(4): p. 1-10.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Geoengineering, coal fly ash and the new heart-Iron connection: Universal exposure to iron oxide nanoparticulates. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2019. 31(1): p.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, COVID-19, immunopathology, particulate pollution, and iron balance. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2020. 32(18): p. 43-60.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Aerosol particulates, SARS-Co-2, and the broader potential for global devastation. Open Access Journal of Internal Medicine, 2022. 3(1): p. 14-21.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Further evidence that particulate pollution is the principal cause of global warming: Humanitarian considerations. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2019. 21(1): p. 1-11.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Previously unacknowledged potential factors in catastrophic bee and insect die-off arising from coal fly ash geoengineering Asian J. Biol., 2018. 6(4): p. 1-13.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Unacknowledged potential factors in catastrophic bat die-off arising from coal fly ash geoengineering. Asian Journal of Biology, 2019. 8(4): p. 1-13.
Herndon, J.M., D.D. Williams, and M.W. Whiteside, Ancient Giant Sequoias are dying: Scientists refuse to acknowledge the cause. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2021. 8(9): p. 57-70.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, California wildfires: Role of undisclosed atmospheric manipulation and geoengineering. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 17(3): p. 1-18.
Whiteside, M. and J.M. Herndon, Role of aerosolized coal fly ash in the global plankton imbalance: Case of Florida's toxic algae crisi. Asian Journal of Biology, 2019. 8(2): p. 1-24.
Ball, W.T., et al., Evidence for a continuous decline in lower stratospheric ozone offsetting ozone layer recovery. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018. 18(2): p. 1379-1394.
Herndon, J.M., R.D. Hoisington, and M. Whiteside, Deadly ultraviolet UV-C and UV-B penetration to Earth’s surface: Human and environmental health implications. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn., 2018. 14(2): p. 1-11.
Herndon, J.M. and M. Whiteside, Technology Bill of Rights needed to protect human and environmental health and the U. S. Constitutional Republic Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2020. 7(6).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 J. Marvin Herndon, Mark Whiteside
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
