Exploring the Origin of Dark Matter in the Early Universe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/ejas.1403.11902Keywords:
Dark Matter, Early Universe, Parallel UniverseAbstract
Dark matter becomes a crucial component in shaping the structure of our cosmos. Evidence of nonluminous matter became known during the 1930s, as investigations into the Doppler shift in star spectra within the galactic disk revealed inadequacies in explaining the gravitational influence suggested by observed velocities. The confirmation of this discovery was subsequently achieved by assessing the velocity dispersion within abundant galaxy clusters. Galaxy formation models assume the presence of dark matter, considering it an essential foundational element influencing their structural evolution. However, the Big Bang theory struggles to unravel the elusive origin of dark matter, lacking a conclusive model that provides clear insights. In this study, we postulate an eleven-dimensional spacetime, as proposed by string theories, and explore the notion that symmetry breaking catalyzed the formation of two distinct spacetime manifolds. One is the familiar four-dimensional spacetime we observe and experience, while the other represents an additional dimensional manifold dominated by dark matter. To reinforce this point, we examine three existing studies, encompassing both observational and theoretical aspects that strongly support the suggested involvement of dark matter in the universe. Additionally, the proposed model places restrictions on the feasibility of using traditional detection methods to identify dark matter particles, thereby accounting for the absence of their detection thus far.
References
Oort, J.H., "The Force Exerted by the Stellar System in the Direction Perpendicular to the Galactic Plane and Some Related Problems," Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 6, 249–87 (1932).
F. Zwicky, “The Redshift of Extragalactic Nebulae,” Helvetica Physica Acta, Vol. 6, 1933, pp. 110-127.
J. P. Ostriker, et al., “The Size and Mass of Galaxies, and the Mass of the Universe,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 193, 1974, pp. L1-L4. doi:10.1086/181617
S. M. Faber and J. S. Gallagher, “Masses and Mass-to-Light Ratios of Galaxies”, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1979, pp. 135-187.
M. Davis, et al., “On the Virgo Supercluster and the Mean Mass density of the Universe”, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 238, 1980, pp. L113-L116. doi:10.1086/183269
V. Trimble, “Existence and Nature of Dark Matter in the Universe,” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1987, pp. 425-472.
N. A. Bahcall et al., “Where is Dark Matter?,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 447, 1995, pp. L81-L85.
C. Alcock, et al., “The MACHO Project: Microlensing Results from 5.7 Years of LMC Observations,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 542, No. 1, 2000, pp. 281-307. doi:10.1086/309512
P. Tisserand, et al., “Limits on the MACHO Content of the Galactic Halo from the EROS-2 Survey of the Magellanic Clouds,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 469, No. 2, 2007, pp. 387-404.
S. Sarkar, “Supersymmetric Inflation and Large-Scale Structure,” 1996.
D. N. Schramm and M. S. Turner, “Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis Enters the Precision Era,” Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1998, pp. 303-318.
K. Jedamzik and M. Pospelov, “Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Particle Dark Matter,” New Journal of Physics, Vol. 11, 2009, Article ID: 105028.
M. Milgrom, "Amodification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis'', Astrophysical Journal. 270:365-370, (1983). doi:10.1086/161130. Scholar Publishing
M. Milgrom, "A modification of the Newtonian dynamics – implications for galaxy systems". Astrophysical Journal. 270: 384. doi:10.1086/161132
D. Clowe, et al., “A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 648, No. 2, 2006, pp. L109-L113.doi:10.1086/508162.
Zwicky, F., "Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln" [The red shift of extragalactic neubulae], Helvetica Physica Acta (in German), 6: 110–127, (1933) Bibcode:1933AcHPh...6..110Z.
F. Zwicky, “On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 86, pp. 217- 246, (1937). doi:10.1086/143864
V. Rubin, N. Thonnard and W. K. Ford Jr., “Rotation Properties of 21 Sc Galaxies with a Large Range of Luminosities and Radii from NGC 4605 (R = 4 kpc) to UGC 2885 (R = 122 kpc),” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 238, pp. 471-487, (1980). doi:10.1086/158003.
X.-P. Wu, T. Chiueh, L.-Z. Fang, and Y.-J. Xue, “A Comparison of Different Cluster Mass Estimates: Consistency or Discrepancy?” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 301, No. 3, 1998, pp. 861-871.doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02055.x
G. Hinshaw, et al., “Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results,” Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 180, No. 2, 2009, pp. 225-245. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225
Junhyuk Son, Young-Wook Lee, Chul Chung, Seunghyun Park, and Hyejeon Cho, Strong progenitor age bias in supernova cosmology – II. Alignment with DESI BAO and signs of non-accelerating universe, MNRAS 544, 975-987 (2025).
E. Komatsu, et al., “Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations: Cosmological Interpretation,” Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 180, No. 2, 2009, pp. 330-376. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/330
Jungman, Gerard; Kamionkowski, Marc; Griest, Kim (1996). "Supersymmetric dark matter". Physics Reports. 267 (5–6): 195–373. arXiv:hep-ph/9506380. Bibcode:1996PhR...267..195J. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(95)00058-5. S2CID 119067698.
R. D. Peccei and H. R. Quinn, “CP Conservation in the Presence of Pseudoparticles,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 38, No. 25, 1977, pp. 1440-1443.
N. Okada and O. Seto, “A Brane World Cosmological Solution to the Gravitino Problem,” Physical Review D, Vol. 71, 2005, Article ID: 023517.
A. de Gouvea, et al., “Cosmology of Supersymmetric Models with Low-Energy Gauge Mediation,” Physical Review D, Vol. 56, 1997, pp. 1281-1299.
T. Falk, et al., “Heavy Sneutrinos as Dark Matter,” Physics Letters B, Vol. 339, No. 3, 1994, pp. 248-251. doi:10.1016/0370-2693
C. Arina and N. Fornengo, “Sneutrino Cold Dark Matter, a New Analysis: Relic Abundance and Detection Rates,” Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 11, 2007, p. 29.
H. Goldberg, “Constraint on the Photino Mass from Cosmology,” Physical Review Letters,
J. Ellis, et al., “Towards a Supersymmetric Cosmology,” Physics Letters B, Vol. 147, No. 1-3, 1984, pp. 27-33. doi:10.1016/0370-2693
S. Dodelson and L. M. Widrow, “Sterile Neutrinos as Dark Matter,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 72, 1994, pp. 17-20. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.17 Scholar Publishing
J. L. Feng, “Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection,” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 48, 2010, pp. 495-545.
L. M. Krauss, “New Constraints on ‘INO’ Masses from Cosmology (I). Supersymmetric INOS,” Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 227, No. 3, 1983, pp. 556-569. doi:10.1016/0550-3213
D. V. Nanopoulos, et al., “After Primordial Inflation,” Physics Letters B, Vol. 127, No. 1-2, 1983, pp. 30-34. doi:10.1016/0370-2693
M. Bolz, et al., “Thermal Production of Gravitinos,” Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 606, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 518-544. doi:10.1016/S0550-3213
J. L. Feng, et al., “Graviton Cosmology in Universal Extra Dimensions,” Physical Review D,
J. R. Ellis, et al., “Prospects for Sparticle Discovery in Variants of the MSSM,” Physics Letters B, Vol. 603, No. 1, 2004, pp. 51-62.
K. Rajagopal, et al., “Cosmological Implications of Axinos,” Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 358, No. 2, 1991, pp. 447-470. doi:10.1016/0550-3213
L. Covi, et al., “Axinos as Dark Matter,” Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 5, No. 8, 2001, p. 33.
H. Baer and A. D. Box, “Fine-Tuning Favors Mixed Axion/Axino Cold Dark Matter over Neutralinos in the Minimal Supergravity Model,” European Physical Journal C, Vol. 68, No. 3, 2010, pp. 523-537.
J. Cembranos, et al., “Resolving Cosmic Gamma Ray Anomalies with Dark Matter Decaying Now,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 99, No. 9, 2007,Article ID: 191301.
H. C. Cheng, et al., “Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, 2002, Article ID: 211301.
S. W. Hawking, “Gravitationally Collapsed Objects of Very Low Mass,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 152, 1971, p. 75.
S. W. Hawking, “Particle Creation by Black Holes,” Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 43, No. 3, 1971, pp. 199-220.
S. W. Hawking, “Black Hole Explosions?” Nature, Vol. 248, No. 5443, 1974, pp. 30-31.
D. N. Page, “Particle Emission Rates from a Black Hole: Massless Particles from an Uncharged, Nonrotating Hole,” Physical Review D, Vol. 13, 1976, pp. 198-206.
R. Hadgedron, “Statistical Thermodynamics of Strong Interactions at High Energies,” Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 3, 1965, pp. 147-186.
D. B. Cline and D. A. Sanders, “Further Evidence for Some Gamma-Ray Bursts Consistent with Primordial Black Hole Evaporation,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 486, No. 1, 1997, pp. 169-178. doi:10.1086/304480.
S. Al Dallal, “Primordial Black Holes and Holeums as Progenitors of Galactic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Background,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2010, pp. 468-471. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.05.005.
D. B. Cline and D. A. Sanders, Further evidence for some gamma-ray burst consistent with primordial black hole evaporation. The Astrophysical Journal, 486:169È178, 1997.
D. B. Cline, “A Gamma-Ray Halo ‘Glow’ from Primordial Black Hole Evaporation,” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 501, No. 1, 1998, pp. L1-L3. doi:10.1086/311433 Scholar Publishing
J. L. Osborne, et al., “The Diffuse Flux of Energetic Extragalactic Gamma Rays,” Journal of Physics G, Vol. 20, No. 7, 1994, pp. 1089-1101.
D. D. Dixon, et al., “Evidence for a Galactic Gamma-Ray Halo,” New Astronomy, Vol. 3, No. 7, 1998, pp. 539-561. doi:10.1016/S1384-1076
D. J. Gross, et al., “Heterotic String Theory: (II). The Interacting Heterotic String,” Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 267, No. 1, 1986, pp. 75-124. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(86)90146-X.
B. Nodland and J. P. Ralston, “Indication of Anistropy in Electromagnetic Propagation over Cosmological Distances,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 78, No. 16, 1997, pp. 3043-3046.
L. S. Schulman, “Opposite Thermodynamic Arrows of Time,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 83, No. 26, 1999, pp. 5419-5422.
A. J. Cuesta, Tesla Jeltema, F. Zandanel et al., Dark Matter decay and annihilation in the Local Universe: CLUES from Fermi, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 726(1):L6 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/726/1/L6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 European Journal of Applied Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
