Culture for Health Promotion and Improvement of Health Outcome in Southeastern Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of Kola Nut (Oji), Bitter Kola (Akilu), African Pepper Fruit (Mmimi), and Alligator Pepper as Lens

Authors

  • N. E. Ahajumobi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.1402.20172

Abstract

Background: All over the world culture shapes how we perceive pain, what humans describe as good or “good life”, and how people ask for help. Culture is a binder, which influences a person’s health behaviours and psychological resilience. Effective health services are often rejected, where such failed to acknowledge, and respect people’s culture. Objectives: A comparative analysis to determine how cultural or traditional nutraceutical foods such as, Kola nut (Oji), BitterKola (Akilu), African Pepper fruit (Mmimi), and Alligator pepper (Oso oji) could create a road map and pave way for green economy, easy acceptance and use of cultural foods, which evidence has shown to possess potency for health restoration to ensure that findings bring about the desired social change. Theory: Systematic- Comparative Review: Community approach to intervention services. Methods: Searched the Internet, google scholar for data mining, and examined data to learn from the existing evidence about the nutritional, chemical, and phytochemical composition of. Only peer reviewed data obtainable from the internet were included, other sources were excluded. Results: Evidence showed that the aforementioned cultural food are high in macro and micronutrients, as well as phytochemical compounds, which evidence linked with pharmacological properties. Conclusion: Kola nut, Bitter Kola, African Pepper fruit, and Alligator pepper are rich in nutraceutical and being traditional revered food pave way for evidence easy acceptance and use for food and healing remedies.

References

Adisa, W. A., Brotobor, D., Okosun, B. H., & Igbinovia, N. E. (2025). The effects of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola on hematological parameters and lipid profile in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(8): 338-340. Doi: 10.26538/tjpps/v4i8.4.

Agiriga, A. N., & Siwela, M. (2018). Effects of thermal processing on the nutritional, antinutrient, and in vitro antioxidant profile of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal seeds. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 23(3): 235–244. Doi: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.3.235. Scholar Publishing

Ahajumobi, E. N., & Anderson, P. B. (2022a). Hunteria umbellata extract is a potent agent for controlling disease pathogens. Journal of Innovation Science Research and Review, 4(11), 3626–3633. http://journalijisr.com/sites/default/files/issues-pdf/IJISRR-1062.pdf.

Ahajumobi, E. N., & Anderson, P. B. (2023). Hunteria umbellata for aphrodisiac therapy. International Journal of Innovation Scientific Research and Review, 5(4), 4324-4329. http://journalijisr.com/issue/hunteria-umbellata-aphrodisiac-therapy.

Ahajumobi, N. E. (2023a). A comparative analysis of phytochemical composition of eight leaves used as native medicine in Africa. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 10(8), 8774–8782. http://ijramr.com/sites/default/files/issues-pdf/4565.pdf.

Ahajumobi, N. E. (2024). A review of chronic and infectious diseases potency of Mangifera indica. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 33(6), 143-156. Doi: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i7897.

Ahajumobi, N. E., & Oparaocha, E. T. (2025). Advances in nutrition therapy: Emerging concepts, research trends and practical applications. BP International.

Ahajumobi, N. E., & Oparaocha, T. E. (2023a). A comparative analysis of nutritional and chemical composition of eight seeds used as native medicine in West Africa. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 32(7), 8-22. Doi: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2023/v32i7823.

Ahajumobi, N. E., & Oparaocha, T. E. (2023c). A comparative analysis of the nutritional and chemical composition of six West African medicinal fruits. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 6(10), 6807-6818 Doi: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i10.34.

Amadi, C. N., & Nwachukwu, W. I. (2020). The effects of oral administration of Cola nitida on the pharmacokinetic profile of metoclopramide in rabbits. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 21, Article 4. Doi: 10.1186/s40360-019-0379-6.

Apiamu, A., Evuen, U. F., Ajaja, O., & Omene, L. (2023). In-vitro nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory analyses indicated disparity in Cola nitida L. and Garcinia kola Heckel used in Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 7(3): 102-111. Doi: 10.33003/fjs-2023-0703-1827.

Borquaye, L. S., Darko, G., Laryea, M. K., Gasu, E. N., Amponsah, N. A. A., & Appiah, E. N. (2017). Nutritional and anti-nutrient profiles of some Ghanaian spices. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 3(1): Article 1348185. Doi: 10.1080/23311932.2017,1348185.

Dah-Nouvlessounon, D., Adoukonou-Sagbadja, H., Diarrassouba, N., Sina, H., Akponikpè, P. B. I., Adjanohoun, A., & Baba-Moussa, L. (2015). Nutritional and anti-nutrient composition of three kola nuts (Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(9): 1395-1407. Doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.69139.

Daniyan, M. O., Adeyipo, T. F., Oyemitan, I. A., Okwuese, P. B., Ekundina, V. O., & Akanmu, M. A. (2021). In vivo and in silico studies of Dennettia tripetala essential oil reveal the potential harmful effects of habitual consumption of the plant seed. Toxicology Reports, 8: 1488-1497. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.019.

Dogara Abdulrahman, M., Hamad, S. W., Hama, H. A., Bradosty, S. W., Kayfi, S., Al-Rawi, S. S., & Lema, A. A. (2022). Biological evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022, 1-15. Doi: 10.1155/2022/3837965.

Doh, A. A., et al. (2023). Antioxidant activity and efficacy of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) oil on pathogenic and alteration microorganisms of attiéké. Heliyon, 9(11): Article e21152. Doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21152. Scholar Publishing

Farombi, E. O., Tahnteng, J. G., Agboola, A. O., Nwankwo, J. O., & Emerole, G. O. (2000). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of kolaviron (a Garcinia kola seed extract). African Journal of Biomedical Research, 3(3), 171–176. PMID 11440000

Fategbe, M. A., Avwioroko, O. J., & Ibukun, E. O. (2021). Comparative biochemical evaluation of the proximate, mineral, and phytochemical constituents of Xylopia aethiopica whole fruit, seed, and pericarp. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 26(2): 219-229. Doi: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.2.219.

Froehlich Chow, A., Wahpepah, K., Humbert, L., Houser, N., Brussoni, M., Erlandson, M., Gannon, A., Larmour, A., & Stevenson, E. (2025). Nature's way-our way: A journey through the co-creation and sharing of an Indigenous physical literacy enriched early years initiative. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 11(1).

Iseghohi, S. O. (2015a). A review of the uses and medicinal properties of Dennettia tripetala (pepperfruit). Medical Sciences, 3(4): 104-111. Doi: 10.3390/medsci3040104.

Iseghohi, S. O., & Orhue, N. E. J. (2015b). Dennettia tripetala combats oxidative stress, protein and lipid dyshomeostasis, and hepatic injury. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 19(4): 794-801. Doi: 10.4314. Doi: 10.4314/jasem.v19i3.31.

Jayasinghe, S., Byrne, N. M., & Hills, A. P. (2025). Cultural influences on dietary choices. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Doi: 10.1016/j.pcad,2025.02.003.

Khan, M. E., Egwuche, R. U., & Tabe, N. T. (2023). Comparative proximate composition, antinutritional analyses and anti-microbial screening of some Nigerian medicinal plants. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 7(2): 159-163. Doi: 10.33003/fjs-2023-0702-1722.

Khan, S., Musaddiq, S., et al. (2024). Phytochemical, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological activities of Aframomum melegueta. In S. Musaddiq (Ed.), Ethnobotanical insights into medicinal plants (pp. 241-278). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-6105-4.ch009.

Loy, M. H. (2024). From plate to planet: Culturally responsive culinary practices for health system innovation. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. Doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1476503.

Pivodic, L., Van den Block, L., & Pivodic, F. (2024). Social connection and end-of-life outcomes among older people in 19 countries: A population-based longitudinal study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 5: e264-e275. Doi: 10.1016/s2666-7568(24)00011-4.

Okungbowa, A. I., et al. (2025). Proximate, phytochemicals, and mineral analysis of Cola acuminata aqueous leaf extract. Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(5), 204–209. Doi 10.26538/tjpps/v4i5.2.

Onoja, S. O., Omeh, Y. S., Ezeja, M. I., & Chukwu, M. N. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of Aframomum melegueta. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(4): 118-121.

Oyemitan, I. A., Oloruo, S. O., & Akanmu, M. A. (2019). Neuropharmacological and memoryenhancing activities of the essential oil of Dennettia tripetala G. Baker. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 231: 280-292. Doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.005.

Pérez-Machín, R., et al. (2025). Aframomum melegueta seed extract’s effects on anxiety, stress, mood, and sleep: A randomized, double-blind, pilot clinical trial. Pharmaceuticals, 18(2), Article 278. Doi: 10.3390/ph18020278

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Organization and the CARS model. https://owl.purdue.edu

Sugita, J., Yoneshiro, T., Hatano, T., Aita, S., Ikemoto, T., Uchiwa, H., Iwanaga, T., Kameya, T., Kawai, Y., & Saito, M. (2013). Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates Scholar Publishing brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(4): 733-738. Doi: 10.1017/S000711451200508X.

Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2012). Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills (3rd ed.). University of Michigan Press.

Udo, G., et al. (2025). Effect of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry & Environment, 8(1): 159-170.

WHO: Results Report 2024 and Behavioural and Cultural Insights Progress Report 2024.

Canada.ca: Working Together to Thrive: Well-Being and Public Health (2025).

ResearchGate/PMC: The Impact of Cultural Practices on Health Outcomes (May 2025).

Downloads

Published

2026-04-07

How to Cite

Ahajumobi, N. E. (2026). Culture for Health Promotion and Improvement of Health Outcome in Southeastern Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of Kola Nut (Oji), Bitter Kola (Akilu), African Pepper Fruit (Mmimi), and Alligator Pepper as Lens. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 14(02), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.1402.20172