Toward a Unified Theory for Complex Systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.125.17556Keywords:
Complex system, unified theory, axiomatic framework, mind-body duality, active force, co-existence of a pair of conflicting conceptsAbstract
The system serves as a general model for addressing various encountered issues, with the complexity of systems we handle increasing steadily. From the 2021 map of complexity sciences, 67 distinct theories or sub-disciplines can be counted, leading to the difficulty in selecting an appropriate theory for a particular problem. This paper aims to establish an axiomatic framework for a unified theory for complex systems, spanning from micro to macro scales and encompassing entities from non-living to living objects. The unification was carried out from fundamental concepts, fundamental assumptions and mathematical languages. The original contributions in this unified system theory include: (1) moving away from a revolution against classical mechanics and embracing its generalization, (2) offering a dualist approach to the mind-body problem instead of the monist solution of the past, and (3) introducing an active force for living objects in living state. The efficacy of this unified theory is illustrated through multiple practical applications.
References
Bertalanffy, L.V., General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: George Braziller (USA), 1968.
Bianconi, G., et al., Complex systems in the spotlight: next steps after the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics. Journal of Physics: Complexity, 2023. 4:010201.
Thomas, C., R.R. Prasad, and M. Mathew, Chapter 1: Introduction to complex systems, sustainability and innovation. In: Complex Systems, Sustainability and Innovation, 2016.
van Mil, H.G.J., et al., A complex system approach to address world challenges in Food and Agriculture. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2014. 40(1):20-32.
Castellani, B., and L. Gerrits, Map of the complexity sciences. Art and Science Factory, LLC, 2021. https://sacswebsite.blogspot.com/2021/09/q-for-2021-version-of-map-of-complexity.html
Cui, W.C., R. Li, and L.L. Pan, A comparison of new general system theory philosophy with Einstein and Bohr. Philosophy Study, 2023. 13(1):1-22.
McKinsey, J.C.C., A.C. Sugar, and P. Suppes, Axiomatic foundations of classical particle mechanics. Journal of Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 1953. 2:253-272.
Li, R., and W.C. Cui, Harnessing Active Force: The pumping mechanism of child’s swing motion. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2024. 12(4): 164-182.
Cui, W.C., On the philosophical ontology for a general system theory. Philosophy Study, 2021. 11:443-458.
Whitaker, A., Einstein, Bohr and the quantum dilemma—From quantum theory to quantum information. 2nd Ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Bunge, M., Understanding the world: In treatise on basic philosophy (Vol 6). Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983.
Shapere, D., The origin and nature of time. Philosophia Scientiæ, 1996. 1:197-220.
Cui, W.C., Can sciencde reveal the origin of the universe? European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2024. 12:166-173.
Halpern, P., The allure of the multiverse: Extra dimensions, other worlds, and parallel universes. Basic Books, 2024.
Einstein, A., Relativity: The special and general theory. Meneola, NY: Dover Publications, 1916.
’t Hooft, G., The fundamental nature of space and time. In D. Oriti ed. Approaches to Quantum Gravity: Toward a New Understanding of Space, Time and Matter. Cambridge University Press, 2009. p. 13-25.
Schaff, J., The nature of space and of gravitation. Journal of Modern Physics, 2012. 3:714-749.
Jarvis, S.H., Space, and the nature of gravity. 2019, available at: https://vixra.org/abs/1909.0656.
Kant, I., Metaphysical foundations of natural science. In H. Allison and P. Heath eds. Theoretical philosophy after 1781 (M. Friedman trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 171-270.
Papachristou, C.J., Foundations of Newtonian dynamics: An axiomatic approach for the thinking student. Nausivios Chora, 2012. 4:153-160. 99
Kuhn, T.S., The Copernican revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
Huang, Y.K., and W.C. Cui, Effect of the earth movement on the measured moon trajectory. Philosophy Study, 2022. 12:641-680.
Aarseth, S.J., Gravitational n-body simulations, tools and algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Lynden-Bell, D., Inertia. In O. Lahav, E. Terlevich and D.J. Terlevich eds. Gravitational Dynamics Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. p 235.
Mayants, L., The enigma of probability and physics. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984.
Jammer, M., Concepts of mass in contemporary physics and philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University
Newton, I., Newton’s principia: The mathematical principles of natural philosophy (A Motte trans.). New York: Daniel Adee, 1846. (Originally published in 1687)
Padgett, W.T., Problems with the current definitions of mass. Physics Essays, 1990. 3:178–182.
Kramers, H.A., Statement at the Princeton bicentennial conference on the future of nuclear energy, 1946. in K. K. Darrow ed. Physical Science and Human Values. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947. p 196.
Mach, E., The Science of Mechanics (TJ Mc-Cormack trans.). New York: Open Court, 1974.
Bunge, M., Mach’s critique of Newtonian mechanics. American Journal of Physics, 1966. 34:585–596; reprinted in J. Blackmore, Ernst Mach—A Deeper Look, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992, p. 243–261.
Poincaré, H., Science et méthode. Paris: Flammarion Flammarion, 1908; Science and method. London: Nelson, New York: Dover, 1952. p. 235.
Bondi, H., Negative mass in general relativity. Reviews of Modern Physics, 1957. 29:423–428.
Dicke, R.H., New research on old gravitation. Science, 1959. 129:621–624.
Einstein, A., Die Masse eines Körpers ist ein Mass für dessen Energieinhalt. Annalen der Physik, 1905. 18:641.
Planck, M., Zur Dynamik bewegter Systeme. Annalen der Physik, 1908. 26:1–34.
Okun, L.B., The concept of mass (mass, energy, relativity). Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 1989. 32:629–638.
Carnap, R., An introduction to the philosophy of science. New York: Basic Books, 1966. p. 103–104.
Arun, K., S.B. Gudennavar, and C. Sivaram, Dark matter, dark energy, and alternate models: A review. Advances in Space Research, 2017. 60:166-186.
Pan, L.L., and W.C. Cui, Clarification of the field concept for a new general system theory. Philosophy Study, 2021. 11:737-747.
Thomson, W., On the theory of magnetic induction in crystalline and non-crystalline substances. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1851. 1(3):177-186.
Faraday, M., Experimental researches in electricity, Vol. III. London: Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1855.
Maxwell, J.C., A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1864. 155:459-512.
Maxwell, J.C., James Clerk Maxwell: The Ether. In L. Dolling, A. Gianelli, and G. Statile Eds. The tests of time: Readings in the development of physical theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 265-273. (Originally published in 1878)
Radin, D., Entangled minds: Extrasensory experiences in a quantum reality. New York: Paraview Pocket Books, 2006.
Moreira-Almeida, A., and F.S. Santos, Exploring frontiers of the mind-brain relationship. New York: Springer, 2012.
Cardeña, E., The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review. American Psychologist, 2018. 73:663–677.
Sant’Anna, A.S., and C.A.S. Maia, Axioms for Mach's mechanics. 2000. (arXiv: physics/0005041)
Hertz, H.R., The principles of mechanics. New York: Dover, 1956.
Hertz, H.R., The principles of mechanics presented in a new form. Macmillan and Co., 1899.
Truesdell, C.A. III, A first course in rational continuum mechanics, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.
Kalmykov, V.L., and L.V. Kalmykov, Manifesto for transparent mathematical modeling: from ecology to general science. Academia Biology, 2024. 2:6166.
Landau, L.D., and E.M. Lifshitz, Mechanics, third ed. 1976. p 8.
Rana, N.C., and P.S. Joag, Classical mechanics. Tata McGraw-Hill, 1991.
Coleman, B., Evolution of the information age: 1960 – 2040 (Version 10). A progress report at the inflection point of the Cloud and the Web, 2012.
Strømmen-Bakhtiar, A., Information era: The crises of the transition. Proceedings of Informing Science & IT Education Conference (InSITE 2012), 2012.
Clinton, B., Inaugural address in 1997, 1997. (available at: http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres65.html)
Obama, B., Remarks on securing our nation’s cyberinfrastructure, 2009. (available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-on-Securing-Our-Nations-Cyber-Infrastructure/)
Gaiseanu, F., Information in the universal triangle of reality for non-living/living structures: From philosophy to neuro/life sciences. Philosophy Study, 2021. 11(8):607-621.
Poincaré, H., Hertz’s ideas on mechanics (D.H. Delphenich trans.) Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées, 1897. 8:734-743.
Beckering Vinckers, U.K., Á. de la Cruz-Dombriz, and A. Mazumdar, Quantum entanglement of masses with nonlocal gravitational interaction. Physical Review D, 2023. 107:124036. 101
Lovelock, J.E., Gaia as seen through the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 1972. 6(8):579-580.
Plait, P., How do stars really die? Scientific American, 2024. (available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-stars-really-die/)
Einstein, A., B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Physical Review, 1935. 47:777-780.
Bohr, N., Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Physical Review, 1935. 48:696-702.
Gödel, K., About formally undecidable sentences of the principia mathematica and related systems I. Monthly Magazines for Mathematics and Physics, 1931. 38:173-198.
Mays, R.G. and S.B. Mays, Near-death experiences are caused by the separation of consciousness from the body: An NDE scale analysis. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2024. 38:190-211.
Plait, P., How light tells us the story of the universe. Scientific American, 2024. (available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/light-is-how-astronomers-read-the-story-of-the-universe/)
Hubble, E., A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1929. 15:168–173.
Hawking, S., A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes. Bantam Dell Publishing Group, 1988.
Hertog, T., On the origin of time: Stephen Hawking's final theory. Bantam, 2023.
Oriols, X., and J. Mompart, Applied Bohmian mechanics from nanoscale systems to cosmology, 2nd ed. Singapore: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2019.
Bell, J.S., Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Minev, Z.K., et al., To catch and reverse a quantum jump mid-flight. Nature, 2019. 570:200-204.
Tu, L.-C., J. Luo, and G.T. Gillies, The mass of the photon. Reports on Progress in Physics, 2005. 68(1):77-130.
Heisenberg, W., The physical content of quantum kinematics and mechanics. In J.A. Wheeler and W.H. Zurek eds. Quantum theory and measurement. Princeton University Press, 1927. p. 62-84.
Fitzpatrick, R., Quantum mechanics. Singapore: World Scientific, 2015.
Eddington, A.S., The nature of the physical world. MacMillan, 1927.
Eddington, A.S., Science and the unseen world. MacMillan, 1928.
Eddington, A.S., Philosophy of physical science. Cambridge University Press, 1939.
Cassirer, E., Determinism and indeterminism in modern physics: Historical and systematic studies of the problem of causality. Yale UP, German version 1936, English translation 1956.
Capra, F., The Tao of physics. Shambhala Publications, 1975.
Laumakis, S.J., An introduction to Buddhist philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Harvey, P., An introduction to Buddhism, teachings, history and practices, 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Bhhm, D. and Hiley, B.J., The undivided universe, An ontological interpretation of quantum theory. Routledge, 1993.
Kuhn, R.L. A landscape of consciousness: Toward a taxonomy of explanations and implications. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2024, 190: 28–169.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Weicheng Cui, Rong Li, Lingli Pan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
