Treated Domestic Sewage as A Nutrient Source for Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) Growth and Yield in A Hydroponic System in Yaoundé – Cameroon
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.123.17104Keywords:
Treated effluent, hydroponics, Solanum lycopersicum, urban agricultureAbstract
The exploitation of marshy lowlands for agricultural purposes in African cities, with a clear predominance of market gardening, calls for concern about the availability of exploitation sites and the doubtful quality of the water used. This situation, particularly in urban areas, prompts farmers to look for alternative solutions, like hydroponics, a growing technique that does not only rationalizes the use of space, but saves water and mineral fertilizers, and simplifies growing techniques, but above all eliminates soil-related problems and increases yields. The aim of this research is to use treated sewage in hydroponics for tomato production in urban agriculture in the city of Yaoundé. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized bloc design system with three replications. The effluents were obtained from the Messa domestic sewage treatment plant. Five treatments including raw effluent (T1); 50% diluted effluent (T2); 75% diluted effluent (T3); Maxigro 10-5-14 chemical fertilizer solution at a dose of 100 g per 50 l of tap water (positive control) (T4), and tap water (negative control) (T5) were applied to the tomatoes. The growth parameters considered plant height, leave number, and number of fruits. Lycopene, protein, phenol, and flavonoid content were also evaluated. The results show that 75% diluted effluent (T3) significantly (P<0.05) improved tomato growth, with values of 24±0.60 cm for plant height, 24.16±0.074 for leave number, and 72±6 for number of fruits compared with the negative control. However, the raw effluent (T1) and the 50% diluted effluent (T2), significantly improved the organo-mineral quality of the tomatoes (P<0.05) with 2.05±0.50 µg/g and 1.74±0.11 µg/g for lycopenes, 0.14 ±0.04µg/100g and 0.21±0.011 µg/100g for proteins, 5.73±0.25 µg/100g and 6.32±0.35 µg/100g for phenols, and 21.41±3.09 µg/100g and 29.08 ±2.27µg/100g for flavonoids respectively) compared to the negative control. The highest yield was obtained with the positive control (T4), followed by treatment (T3); with estimated fruit number of 34±3 and 27±2 fruits/m2 respectively. The reuse of treated wastewater in hydroponics would be an innovative technique that would alleviate the current problems of urban agriculture in the city of Yaoundé.
References
Temgoua E.H., Ntangmo T. H. R., Pfeifer and Njine T. 2015. Major and trace element contents in a soil and some vegetable crops in the city of Dschang, Cameroon. African Crop Science Journal, 23(1), 35 - 44.
Griffon M. 2013. What is ecologically intensive agriculture? Versailles: Éditions Quae, 224 p.
Moustier P. and Fall S. A. 2004. Les dynamiques de l'agriculture urbaine: caractérisation et évaluation. Développement durable de l'agriculture urbaine en Afrique francophone. Issues, concepts and methods. Ottawa: Montpellier and IDRC, 23-43.
Carrasco L. and Turner C. D. 2006. Evaluation of disinfection techniques in advanced primary wastewater treatment for Ciudad juarez, Mexico.Wiley online library Tome 78, issue 1/ page 49-58.
Dumat C., Xiong T., Tiantian and Shahid M. 2016. Sustainable urban agriculture: an opportunity for ecological transition. European University Press, Saarbrücken, DE. ISBN 978-3-63969662-2.
Ba, A., and Cantoreggi, N. 2018. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (AUP) and the agri-urban household economy in Dakar, Senegal. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 3(1), 195-
Parrot L., Njoya A., Temple L., Assogba K.F., Kahane R., Diao B., Havard M. 2008. Agricultures et développement urbain en Afrique subsaharienne. In Colloque Agricultures et Développement Urbain en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre, 2005-1030/2005-11-03, Yaoundé, Cameroon. L'Harmattan, 208 p.
Conchita M.G., Kêdowidé M., Sedogo P., Cissé G. 2010. Dynamique spatio temporelle de l'agriculture urbaine à Ouagadougou: Cas du Maraîchage comme une activité montante de stratégie de survie. Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement. 10 (2) 14928442.
Banzo, M., Couderchet, L., and Valette, E. (2010). Les nouvelles périphéries urbaines: Formes, logiques et modèles de la ville contemporaine. 101-115.
Nahmias, P. 2017. L'habiter citadin interrogé par l'agriculture urbaine.
Libongui, G. E. 2022. Agriculture en zone urbaine et péri-urbaine de Libreville: Dynamiques spatiales, acteurs et enjeux environnementaux.
Fondio L., Djidji A., N'gbesso M.F. 2013. Formulation of nutrient solutions for hydroponic vegetable growing in Côte d'Ivoire. Technical report, Protocole d'accord CNRA/FAO, 31 p.
MINSANTE 2016. Demographic projection and estimation of priority targets for different health programmes and interventions 144p.
Kenmogne G. R. K., Rosillon F., Mpakam H. G. and Nono A. 2010. Enjeux sanitaires, socio-économiques et environnementaux liés à la réutilisation des eaux usées dans le maraîchage urbain : cas du bassin versant de l'Abiergué (Yaoundé-Cameroun), VertigO , 10, 2, 14 p.
Yemmafouo A. 2014. "Cameroonian urban agriculture. Au-delà des procès, un modèle socioculturel à intégrer dans l'aménagement urbain," Géocarrefour, 89/1-2 | 2014, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.4000/geocarrefour.9413.
Tsama V.N., Kom F. M, Djuyom W. V., Kone N, Fonkou T. 2021. Effects of the reuse of untreated water from the Avo'o River (Cameroon) contaminated with faecal sludge on the growth of Solanum nigrum l. Innovare Journal of Agri. Sci, vol 9, issue 3, 2021 ISSN- 2321-6832.
Fangue-yapseu G., Awa M., Ntapnze M. and Mouafo R. T. 2023. Pesticide use practices in lowland market gardening in the city of Yaoundé. La revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, 1492-8442.
Cooper, 2022 Possibilities and challenges in hydroponic crop production systems Global Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Sciences 2408-6886 Vol. 10 (3), pp.1-2.
CUY 2015. Wastewater management strategy for the city of Yaoundé 8p.
Renata S.C., Joao R. C., Claudinei F. S., Reinaldo G. B. 2015. Potential of treated domestic wastewater effluent as a nutrient source in lettuce hydroponics. Revue Environnement Eau, 10 (3), 574-586.
Alzohairy M. A., 2016. Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Usharani K. V., Naik D. & Manjunatha R. L., 2019. Neem as an organic plant protectant in agriculture. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3): 4176 - 4184.
Hibbi H. and Ouled M. 2016. Syntheses of carboxylic acid derivatives - acetic and gallic acid, and determination of their antibacterial activities. Mémoire Université D'Adrar en République Algérienne, 100 P.
Nagata M. & Yamashita I., 1992. Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruits. Nippon Shokulin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 39(10): 925 - 928.
Cosmulescu S. L., Trandafir I., Nour V. and Botu M. 2015. Total phenolic, flavonoid distribution and antioxidant capacity in skin, pulp and fruit extracts of plum cultivars. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 39: 64 -
Mench M., Baize D. 2004. Contamination of soils and our food of plant origin by trace elements: measures to reduce exposure. Courrier de l'Environnement de l'INRA, 52, 26.
Lerot B. 2006. Les éléments minéraux, http://www.orchidstory.be/site/mineraux. pdf. Accessed on 20/08/2016.
FAO/WHO. 2016. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission. Thirtyninth Session, Rome, Italy, p. 16.
Trejo-Tellez, L.I. and Gomez, M.F.C. 2012. Nutrient Solutions for Hydroponics Systems, Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches, Dr. Toshiki Asao (eds). ISBN 978-953-51-0386-8.
Medjahed N and Zerourou D. 2021. Suivi à court terme de l'évolution du Ph, de la conductivité électrique et du taux de calcaire d'un sol sous culture de tomate industrielle irriguée par des eaux usées épurées. Dissertation in soil science, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou.
Samaakoon, U.C., Weerasinghe, P.A., Weerakkody, A.P., 2006. Effect of Electrical Conductivity [EC] of the Nutrient Solution on Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Yield of Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in Stationary Culture. Tropical Agricultural Research 18(1):13-21p.
Fallovo, C., Rouphael, Y., Rea, E., Battiselli, A., Colla, G., 2009. nutrient solution concentration and growing season affect yield and quality of lactuca sativa L.var. acephala in floating raft culture: nutrient concentration and growing season effects on lettuce. j. sci. food Agric.,89,1682-1689.
Afonso, A., Regato, M., Patanita, M., Luz, S., Carvalho, M.J., Fernandes, A., Lopes, A., Almeida, A., Costa, I., Carvalho, F., 2023. Reuse of Pretreated Agro-Industrial Wastewaters for Hydroponic Production of Lettuce. Water, 15, 1856.https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101856.
Ehret, D.L., Ho, L.C., 1986. The effects of salinity on dry matter partitioning and fruit growth in tomatoes grown in nutrient film culture. J. Hort. Sci. 61: 361-367.
Charbonneau, J., Gosselin, A., Trudel, M. J., 1988. Influence of electric conductivity and intermittent flow of the nutrient solution on growth and yield of greenhouse tomato in a NFT. soilless -culture 4 :14-30
Paulus, D., Douradoneto, D., Frizzone, J. A., Soares, T.M., Producao, E., 2010. Indacadores fisiologicos de al facesob hydroponiaco maguasalina.Horticultura Brasileira,V.28, P.29-35,https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-
Sakamoto, K., Kogi, M., Yanagizawa, T. 2014. Effects of salinity and nutrients in sea water on hydroponic culture of red leaf lettuce. Environmental control in biology, 2014, 52, 3, 189-195, doi :10.25.25/ecb.52.189.
Saroushi, R., Cresswell, G., 1994. Effects of hydroponic solution composition, electrical conductivity and plant spacing on yield and quality of strawberries aust.J.Exp.Agric.34,529-535.
Rouphael, Y., Ccolla, G., 2005. Growth, yield, fruit quality and nutrient uptake of hydroponically cultivated zucchini squashi as affected by irrigation systems and growing seasons. Scihortic.105,177-195.
Asao, T., 2012. Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches. Croatia: Intech.
Hashida, S., Johkan, M., Kitazaki, K., Shoj, K., Goto, F., Yoshihara, T., 2014. Management of nitrogen fertilizer application, rather than functional gene abundance, governs nitrous oxide fluxes in hydroponics with rockwool. Plaque soil 374,715-725.
Zhang, Y., Shen, Y., 2019. Wastewater irrigation: past, present, and future. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Water 6:1234.
Pratap, B., Kumar, S., Purchase, D., Bharagava, R.N., Dutta, V., 2021. Practice of wastewater irrigation and its impacts on human health and environment: a state-of-the-art International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03682-8.
Urbano V.R., Mendonça T.G., Bastos R.G., Souza C.F. 2017. Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on soil properties and lettuce yield. Agric. Water Manag, 181, 108-115.
Ganjegunte G., Ulery A., Niu G., and Wu Y. 2017. Effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil properties, switchgrass biomass production and quality under arid climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 99, 60-69.
Uzma S., Azizullah A., Bibi R., Nabeela F., Muhammad U., Ali I., Rehman Z. U. and Häder D. 2016. Effects of industrial wastewater on growth and biomass production in commonly grown vegetables, Environ. Monit. Assess, 188-328.
Shaheen A.M., Fatma A., Rizk F.A., Elbassiony A.M., Al-Shal Z.S.A. 2007. Effect of ammonium sulphate and agricultural sulphur on the artichoke plant growth,heads yield and its some physical and chemical properties, Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3 (2) 82-90.
Alikhasi M., Kouchakzadeh M., Baniani E. 2012. The effect of treated municipal wastewater irrigation in nonagricultural soil on cotton plant, J. Agric. Sci. Tech. 14 1357-1364. Al.
Nguyen V.Q., Van H.T, Le S.H, Nguyen T.H, Nguyen H.T, Lan N.T. 2021. Production of hydroponic solution from human urine using adsorption-desorption method with coconut shell-derived activated carbon. Environmental Technology and Innovation. 2021; 23:101708.
Metahri M. 2012. Simultaneous elimination of phosphate nitrogen pollution from treated wastewater by mixed processes. Cas de la STEP Est de la ville de tizi-Ouzou. Doctoral thesis, Université Mouloud Mammerie, Tizi-Ouzou, 5 p: 148.
Larbi S. and Tadjer N. 2020. Impact de l'irrigation par l'eaux usées épurées sur la fertilité du sol sous culture de tomate industrielle. Université Mouloud Mammeri De Tizi-Ouzou. Master's thesis 68p.
Rharrabe K., Sarroukh Z., Benziane W., El Barraq A. and Aarab A. 2018. Effect of urban and industrial wastewater on germination of soft wheat Triticum aestivum. Smetex Journal Volume 1, N°2, pp: 157 - 164 (2018) ISSN: 2605-6208.
Benkaddour M. (2014). Physiological modification in wheat (Triticum durum Desf) plants exposed to salt stress. Doctorat 3 ème cycle thesis. Université Badji Mokhtar. Annaba. Algeria.
Sambo P., Nioletto C., Giro A., Youry P., Valentinuzzi F., Mimmo T., Lugli P., Orzes G., Mazzetto F., Astolfi S., Terzano R. 2019. Hydroponic Solutions for Soilless Production Systems: Issues and Opportunities in a Smart Agriculture Perspective Front. Plant Sci, 24 July 2019 Sec. Plant Nutrition Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00923
MEKKI, 2023. L’Hydroponie: une technique innovante pour la production et la protection des cultures -collection et analyse des données. Final dissertation of the University -Ain Temouchent- Belhadj Bouchaib of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Adrienne Njomou Chimi, Martin Lekeufack, Guy Valerie Wafo Djumyom, Victor François Nguetsop, Theophile Fonkou
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
