Changes In Enso Sea Surface Temperatures Drive Climate Change

Authors

  • William Albert Van Brunt LLC. Wayzata Minnesota, U.S.A

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.121.16493

Keywords:

Undo Climate Change, Water Vapor, Global Warming, Catastrophic Weather, ENSO

Abstract

There are two fundamental aspects of climate change, global warming and the massively increasing incidence and intensity of catastrophic weather. It is shown that both are driven by the increasing global concentration of water vapor (△TPW) resulting from increasing Sea Surface Temperatures in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation or ENSO region of the Pacific (ENSO SST). Physical principles to determine changes in the annual average global temperature (△TAvg) and concentration of water vapor (△TPW) as a function of the first derivative of the 12 month average, for the period commencing in August of the prior year, sea surface temperatures within the ENSO region (△ENSO SST5mo) are set out. The resulting temperature determinations are within 0.4% of the NOAA annual global Celsius temperature record and TPW within 0.9% of published results. The data and these principles show that since 1972 the 1 °C increase in TAvg and an 11% increase in TPW are the result of a 5% cumulative increase in the ENSO SST and the 360% increase in annual catastrophic weather events, 400% increase in severity and resulting 1,400% increase in devastation are the result of the 11% increase in TPW (130% increase in devastation for each 1% change in TPW). Far more importantly, the data show and the physics teach that if average global precipitation is increased sufficiently, by 0.2% in excess of evaporation, these climate changes are completely reversible.

References

NOAA Global time series, Climate at a glance time-series: National Centers for Environmental information. (2020) https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ Van Brunt, W, Autonomous changes in the concentration of water vapor drive climate change. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences. 10, Table 2, 443-508 (2020), Eqn. 5 https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=102353

Galashev, A.E. and Rakhmanova, O.R., Emissivity of the main greenhouse gases. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 7, 346-353, (2013) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257864234_Emissivity_of_the_main_greenhouse_gases/link/540d2c040cf2df04e75478b2/download

Trenberth, K.E., Fasullo, J.T. and Kiehl, J. earth’s global energy budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Societ. 90, 311-324 (2009) Table 1b https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1

Houghton, J. “The Physics of Atmospheres, 3rd edition,” Cambridge University Press (2002)

Extreme weather and climate change, NASA Vital Signs of the Planet. (2023) https://climate.nasa.gov/extremeweather/#:~:text=Climate%20change%20from%20a%20human,expected%20the%20more%20Earth%20warms

Houstonians, D., Onof C., Kundzewicz Z., Christofides, A., On hens, eggs, temperatures and CO2: causal links in earth’s atmosphere, Sci. 5, 35 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5030035

Van Brunt, W., To bring an end to global warming - make it rain. 22 Issue 2 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H Environment & Earth Science, (2022), 443 -508 (2022) https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume22/1-To-Bring-an-End.pdf

Weather-related disasters increase over past 50 years, causing more damage but fewer deaths WMO atlas of mortality and economic losses from weather, climate and water extremes (1970–2019), World Meteorological Org. (2021) https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/weather-related-disastersincrease-over-past-50-years-causing-more-damage-fewer-deaths

Risks posed by natural disasters. Number of loss events by peril. Munich Re Report, 1980–2019. Retrieved and adapted from: Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG, Report Munich Re (2020)

Munich Re Topics Geo (2017) https://www.munichre.com/en/risks/natural-disasters-losses-are-trendingupwards.html

Disaster losses & damages. Prevention Web UNDRR (2023) https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/disaster-losses-and-statistics Economic damage by natural disaster type, 1900 to 2022 Our World in Data, (OWD) Oxford Univ. (2023) https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/economic-damage-from-natural-disasters

EM-DAT, The International Disaster Database EM-DAT, CRED / UCLouvain, (2023) Brussels, Belgium https://www.emdat.be

https://doc.emdat.be/docs/data-structure-and-content/emdat-public-table

El Niñ o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)2023 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/tropical/enso

Climate Monitoring / ENSO / SST NOAA (2023) https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/enso/sst#:~:text=An%20SST%20anomaly%20of%20%2B0.5,deep%20convection%20in%20that%20region.

Albers, S. (2010) Sea surface temperature anomalies - 1980 – 1999, NOAA / National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) (2010) https://sos.noaa.gov/catalog/datasets/sea-surface-temperature-anomalies-1980-1999/

NWS What is El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? (2023) https://www.weather.gov/mhx/ensowhat

NOAA National Centers for Environmental information: Land data, climate at a glance: Global time series, (2020) https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series

NOAA National Centers for Environmental information: Ocean data, climate at a glance: Global time series, (2020) https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series Sea and Land

Stephen, S. The atmospheric impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, FIRE and MUD Contents, PHIVOLCS | University of Washington Press | U.S. Geological Survey (1999) https://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/self/ 359

Lewandowsky, S., Cowtan, K., Risbey, J.S., Mann, M.E., Steinman, B.A., Oreskes, N. and Rahmstorf, S. The “pause” in global warming in historical context: (II). comparing models to observations. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (2018) Article ID: 123007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf372 p. 10, Figure 3(a).

Hye-Mi Kim, H.M. & Alexander, M.A ENSO’s modulation of water vapor transport over the Pacific–North American Region. Journal of Climate Volume 28 Issue 9 (2015)

Kumar, A and Hoerling, M.P. The Nature and Causes for the Delayed Atmospheric Response to El Niñ o 01 May 2003 Journal of Climate Print Publication: pp. 1391–1403 (2003) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1391: TNACFT>2.0.CO;2

Wang, B. et al, Historical change of El Niño properties sheds light on future changes of extreme El Niño 116 (45) 22512-2251 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911130116

Ballester, J., et al, Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022. Nat Med 29, 1857–1866 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z

McGuinness, J., Rohloff, K. NASA clocks July 2023 as hottest month on record ever since 1880. NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) (2023) https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-clocks-july-2023-as-hottest-month-on-record-ever-since-1880/

Amaya, D.J., Jacox, M.G., Alexander, M.A. et al. Bottom marine heatwaves along the continental shelves of North America. Nat Commun 14, 1038 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36567-0,

Kazmer, R. Scientists sound alarm over ‘unheard of’ ocean conditions: ‘We could see mass mortality’, The Cool Down (2023) https://www.thecooldown.com

Top of FormFamine knocking at the door of 41 million worldwide, UN News Global perspective Human stories World Food Programme WFP warns, Humanitarian Aid (2021) https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1094472

Understanding disaster risks disaster losses & statistics. UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster losses & damages UNDRR (2023) https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/disasterlosses-and-statistics

Thiaw, I. Drought in numbers - restoration for readiness and resilience UNCCD (2022) https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2022 06/Drought%20in%20Numbers%20%28English%29.pdf

El Niñ o (ENSO) related rainfall patterns over the tropical Pacific, NOAA/ National Weather Service, NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, (2005) https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensocycle/ensorain.shtml

El Niñ o (ENSO) Related Rainfall Patterns Over the Tropical Pacific Jan-Mar 1998 Precipitation(mm) Climate Prediction Center Internet Team Page NOAA/ National Weather Service NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction (2005) https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=ENSO+Precipitation+Anomalies+along+the+Equatorial+Pacific%2F+Moist+Static+Energy+Framework+Diagnostics&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8#ip=1

Harding, T, the rainmaker: UAE-funded electric drone project designed to be the new cloud seeding, the National News (2021) https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/the-rainmaker-uae-funded-electricdrone-project-designed-to-be-the-new-cloud-seeding-1.1231540

Downloads

Published

2024-02-20

How to Cite

Brunt, W. A. V. (2024). Changes In Enso Sea Surface Temperatures Drive Climate Change . European Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(1), 334–360. https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.121.16493