Effects of Climate Elements on Population Dynamics of Insect Pests of Cocoa- A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.105.12957Abstract
This review examines the insect pests of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and the effects of climate elements on their population dynamics. Cocoa is described as an important economic perennial tree crop and export commodity, with four West African countries (Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon) producing 72% of world output, and its cultivation is threatened by diseases and insect pests. Although over 1500 insect pests have been reported to feed on cocoa, fewer than two percent are of genuine economic importance. The review describes the main and minor pests, including the cocoa mirids Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobroma, the tea mosquito bug, the cocoa stem borer, the cocoa pod borer, mealybugs, the stink bug Bathycoelia thalassina, pod miners, termites, psyllids and thrips, together with their damage characteristics and reported yield losses, identifying mirids as the most detrimental. It then considers how the major components of climate, namely temperature, rainfall, humidity, photoperiod and altitude, affect pest population dynamics, distribution, abundance and feeding behaviour. Data are presented on the periods of abundance and percentage damage of insect species associated with cacao and on the population of S. singularis in Ibadan over three years, which peaked in September or October and was very low from February to July. The influence of rainfall, humidity and shade on mirid populations is also discussed.
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