Competence Between Endangered Wild Animals: an Example of Takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) and Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.105.13231Keywords:
Taibai Mountain, Zhouzhi Nature Reserve, Gaint Panda, Golden Takin, Camera trapAbstract
The study was conducted in tow locations are: (1) Taibai Mountain natural reserve (107°22’-107°51’E and 33°49’-34°05’N) and (2) Zhouzhi natural reserve (108° 14′-108° 18′ E, 33° 45′-33° 50′ N). To examine and analyze the impact of Golden takin behavior on the Giant panda activity in winter habitat and analyze their interactions at Taibai Mountain and Zhouzhi natural reserve. For habitat survey, randomly walked within the study areas with different vegetation types to search for signs of each species. The presence of Golden takin and Giant panda was identified based on their fresh droppings. Once fresh droppings were found and a sampling plot of 20 m x 20 m was established and centered on the droppings location. Two (2 m × 10 m) were set at different locations within the 20 m × 20 m plot, and observations were made according to the type of habitats including type of trees, bamboo type, bamboo cover, bamboo density, canopy, shrub cover and herb cover. At Taibai Mountain, a total of 12 infrared cameras were placed on tree stems at 1 m height, the laying density of cameras is 4 sets / km2 and other 20 infrared cameras were mounted at Guangtoushan in Zhouzhi natural reserve,to monitor Golden takin and Giant panda movement. Camera traps data were collected every three months depending on the status of battery and the weather conditions. Takin displayed the highest peak activity at periods of 16:00-18:00 pm (48.03%) and 16:00-18:00 pm (39.29%) in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, respectively, while for Panda the highest peaks of activity were recorded at periods of 14:00-16:00 pm (24.58%) and 12:00-14:00 pm (26.13%) in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, respectively. At Zhouzhi natural reserve, Takin showed also highest peak of activity at periods of 16:00-18:00 pm (23.48%) and 16:00-18:00 pm (38.48%) in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, respectively, whereas the highest peak activity for Panda were recorded at periods of 12:00-14:00 pm (19.15%) and 12:00-14:00 pm (18.22%) in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, respectively.
References
Juan PCB, Oscar GG, Eduardo M (2014). Density, abundance and activity patterns of the endangered Tapirus bairdii in one of its last strongholds in southern Mexico, Tropical Conservation Science 7:100-114.
Otani T (2001). Measuring fig foraging frequency of the Yakushima macaque by using automatic cameras, Ecological Research 16:49-54.
Tan CL, Yang Y, Niu K (2013). Into the night: camera traps reveal nocturnal activity in a presumptive diurnal primate, Rhinopithecus brelichi, Primates 54:1-6.
Ford AT, Clevenger AP, Bennett A (2009). Comparison of methods of monitoring wildlife crossing structures on highways, Journal of Wildlife Management 73:1213-1222.
Noss AJ, Gardner B, Maffei L, Cuéllar E, Montaño R, Romero-Muñoz A, Sollman R, O’Connell AF (2012). Comparison of density estimation methods for mammal populations with camera traps in the Kaa-lya del Gran Chaco landscape, Animal Conservation 15:157-535.
Rovero F, Zimmermann F, Berzi D, Meek P (2013). “Which camera trap type and how many do I need?” A review of camera features and study designs for a range of wildlife research applications, Hystrix (the Italian Journal of Mammalogy) 24:148-156.
Franck T, Marie-Claude H, Cédric V, Alain H (2014). Use of camera traps for wildlife studies. A review, Journal of Biotechnol Agronomy Society and Environment 18:446-454.
Wallace RB, Gomez H, Ayala G, Espinoza F (2003). Camera trapping for jaguar (Panthera onca) in the Tuichi valley, Bolivia. Mastozoología Neotropical, Journal Neotropical mammal 10:133-139.
Silver SC, Ostro LET, Marsh L, Maffei L, Noss AJ, Kelly MJ, Wallace RB, Gomez H, Ayala G (2004). The use of camera traps for estimating jaguar Panthera onca abundance and density using capture/recapture analysis, Oryx
Jackson RM, Roe JD, Wangchuk R, Hunter DO (2006). Estimating snow leopard population abundance using photography and capture–recapture techniques, Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:772-781.
Trolle M and Kery M (2003). Estimation of ocelot density in the Pantanal using capture-recapture analysis of camera-trapping data, Journal of Mammal 84:607-614.
Ma M, Xu F, Chundawat RS, Jumabay K, Wu YQ, Ai ZZ, Zhu MH (2006). Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains, Acta Zoologica Sinica
Heilbrun RD, Silvy NJ, Peterson MJ, Tewes ME (2006). Estimating bobcat abundance using automatically triggered cameras, Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:69-73.
Fang W, William JM, Dajun W, Sheng L (2015). Shared resources between giant panda and sympatric wild and domestic mammals, Biological Conservation 186:319-325.
Wei W, Huang YY, Zhou H, Yuan SB, Zhou ZX, Nie YG, Zhang ZJ (2017). Microhabitat separation between giant pandas and golden takin in the Qinling Mountains and implications for conservation. North-West, Journal of Zoology e161701.
Song Y, Yu Y, Gong H, Zhang S (1995). Habitat utilization of the golden takin during later autumn and early winter in Foping Nature Reserve, Chinese Biodiversity 3:73-78.
Wei FW, Feng ZJ, Wang ZW, Li M (1999). Feeding strategy and resource partitioning between giant and red pandas, Mammalia 63:417-430.
Zeng ZG, Song YL (2001). Daily activity rhythm and time budget of golden takin in spring and summer, Acta Theriologica Sinica 21:7-13.
Zeng, Z, Song Y, Zhong W, Gong H, Zhang J, Dang G (2001a). Food habits of golden takin. Chin, Journal of Zoology 36:36-44 (In Chinese).
Zhang ZJ, Sheppard JK, Swaisgood RR, Wang G, Nie YG, Wei W, Zhao NX, Wei FW (2014). Ecological scale and seasonal heterogeneity in the spatial behaviors of giant pandas, Integrative Zoology 9:46-60.
Tang, ZY and Fang JY (2006). Temperature variation along the northern and southern slopes of Mt. Taibai, China, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 139:200-207.
Zhang ZJ, Zhan XJ, Li Y, Li M, Hu JC, Wei FW (2009). What determines selection and abandonment of a foraging patch by wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in winter?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 6:79-84.
Kawanishi K, Sahak AM, Sunquist M (1999). Preliminary analysis on abundance of large mammals at Sungai Relau, Taman Negara, Journal of Wildlife Parks 17:62-82.
O’Brien TG, Kinnaird MF, Wibisono HT (2003). Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape, Animal Conservation 6:131-139.
Marsh ACW and Harris S (2000). Partitioning of woodland habitat resources by two sympatric species of Apodemus: lessons for the conservation of the yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis) in Britain, Biological Conservation 92:275-283.
Sébastien S, Nicolas P, Cornelis N (2003). Winter habitat selection by two sympatric forest grouse in western Switzerland: implications for conservation, Biological Conservation 112:373-382.
Guan TP, Wang F, Li S, McShea WJ (2015). Nature reserve requirements for landscape-dependent ungulates: The case of endangered takin (Budorcas taxicolor) in Southwestern China, Biological Conservation 182:63-71.
Jia XD, Liu XH, Yang XZ, Wu PF, Songer M, Cai Q, He XB, Zhu Y (2014). Seasonal activity patterns of ungulates in Qinling Mountains based on camera-trap data, Biodiversity Science 22:737-745.
Gong M, Yang Z, Yang W, Song Y (2010). Giant panda habitat networks and conservation: is this species adequately protected?, Wildlife Research 37:531-538. [20] Liu XH, Wu PF, Songer M, Cai Q, He XB., Zhu, Y. Shao XM (2013). Monitoring wildlife abundance and diversity with infra-red camera traps in Guanyinshan Nature Reserve of Shaanxi Province, China, Ecological indicators [21] Wan, Y.W., et al. (2005) The Factors Affect Stock Market Risk Premium. Journal of Financial Research, 12, 62-72.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Latifa A. A. Altigani, Shuhai Bu, A. M. A. Adam, Kaichang Si, Xun-tao Wu, Guochun Li, Huadong Song
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
