Studies of Co-Processed Hydrophilic Polymer Composites of Cissus Gum with Acacia, Tragacanth or Guar Gums: Processing and Characterization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.92.9939Keywords:
Excipient, gum, hydrophilic polymer, co-processed, cissus, guar, tragacanth, acacia.Abstract
New hydrophilic polymers were developed by co-processing of Cissus gum (CG) with acacia (AG), guar (GG) or tragacanth (TG) gums. Batches of new polymers were co-processed from the gum obtained from the stem of Cissus populnea (CG) with AG in the respective proportions of 5(%w/w)CG + 95(%w/w)AG, 10(%w/w)CG+90(%w/w)AG, 15(%w/w)CG +85(%w/w)AG and 20(%w/w)CG +80(%w/w)AG. Similarly to co-process polymers were developed with CG and TG or GG. A 50.0ml aqueous based slurry was made with each set of ingredients, precipitated with acetone, dried (desiccator), pulverized (180µm) and assessed for densities, flowabilty, moisture characteristics, pH and viscosities. The bulk and tapped densities varied statistically within the starting and the co-processed polymers (P<0.05), indicating that the co-processed powders may be compressible light bulk powders with low flowability due to high interparticulate interactions confirmed from the results of the flow rate, angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio. Moisture contents of the staring materials appeared similar (P>0.05), but increased in the co-processed powders as CG+GG>CG+TG>CG+AG (P>0.05). Hydration capacity of the initial polymers ranked as CG>TG>GG>AG (P<0.05), increased with the increment of CG in the co-processed powders, as CG+TG>CG+GG>CG+AG (P<0.05). The swelling index of the initial materials presented as CG>GG>AG>TG (P<0.05), increased in the co-processed powders with increasing CG as CG+TG>CG+GG>CG+AG (P<0.05). The viscosities of the initial polymers ranked as GG>TG>CG>AG (P<0.05) and in the co-processed powders as CG+GG>CG+TG>CG+AG (P<0.05). Therefore, the study resulted in new co-processed hydrophilic polymers with improved hydration and swelling capabilities and viscosities advantageously essential in the adjuvants exploited as binders, disintegrants, emulsifiers, especially in the formulation of in-diffusible drugs in the liquid disperse systems necessitating the uniform and stable dispersion of the API coupled with enhanced viscosities and pH stability.
References
Giorgio, P. & Patrizia, R. The safety of pharmaceutical excipients. Farmaco, 2003. 58(8): p. 541–
Anroop, B., Navpreet, M.M., Ashok, K. & Lalit, K. Studies on Ocimum gratissimum seed mucilage: evaluation of suspending properties. Indian J Pharm Sci, 2005. 67(2): p. 206–209.
Bharadia, P.D., Patel, G.C. & Patel, M.M. A preliminary investigation on sesbania gum as a pharmaceutical excipient. Int J Pharm Excipients, 2004. 1: p. 102–105
Kaushik, K. Sharma, R.B. & Agarwal, S. Natural polymers and their applications. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res, 2016. 37(2):p. 30–36.
World Pharma Today. The rise and rise of Global Pharma Excipients Market. Available from: https://www.worldpharmatoday.com/techno-trends/the-rise-and-rise-of-global-pharmaexcipients-market/ [accessed 12.03.21].
Lokesh, B., Stefan, S., Sheehan, C. & William, R. Excipients: Background/Introduction. In: Katdare A, Chaubal M (Eds.). Excipient Development for Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, and Drug Delivery Systems. 2006. CRC Press.
Kar, M. Chourasiya, Y., Maheshwari, R. & Tekade, R.K. Current Developments in Excipient Science: Implication of Quantitative Selection of Each Excipient in Product Development. In: Rakesh K. Tekade (Eds.). Advances in Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research, Basic Fundamentals of Drug Delivery, 2019. Academic Press, p. 29-83, Massachusetts.
Borbás, E., Sinkó, B., Tsinman, O., Tsinman, K., Kiserdei, É. Démuth, B., et al. Investigation and Mathematical Description of the Real Driving Force of Passive Transport of Drug Molecules from Supersaturated Solutions. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2016. 13 (11): p. 3816-3826.
Hsu, T. & Mitragotri, S. Delivery of siRNA and other macromolecules into skin and cells using a peptide enhancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011. 108 (38): p. 15816–15821.
Protein formulations containing amino acids: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)/Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) No. WO 2013/063510 Al. Available from: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ca/cc/b7/dc06c3707ee5b4/WO2013063510A1.pdf [accessed 12.03.21].
Odell, J.A. & Haward, S.J. Viscosity enhancement in non-Newtonian flow of dilute aqueous polymer solutions through crystallographic and random porous media. Rheol Acta, 2006. 45(6): p. 853–863.
Haward, S.J. & Odell, J.A. Viscosity enhancement in non-Newtonian flow of dilute polymer solutions through crystallographic porous media. Rheol Acta, 2003. 42: p. 516–526.
Lesney, M.S. (2001). More than just the sugar in the pill. Today's Chemist at Work. 2001. 10 (1): p. 30–36.
Myrdal, P.B. & Yalkowsky, S.H. Solubilization of drugs in aqueous media. In: J. Swarbrick (ed.), rd Encyclopaedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3 ed. Informa Health Care, New York, 2007. p. 3311.
Apte, S.P. & Ugwu, S.O. A review and classification of emerging excipients in parenteral medications. Pharmaceutical Technology. 2003. 27 (3): p. 46.
Gavura, S. What's all that other stuff in my medicine? Science-Based Medicine, 2019. Available from: https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/whats-all-that-other-stuff-in-my-medicine/ [accessed on 17.03.21].
The Joint International Pharmaceutical Excipient Council - Pharmaceutical Quality Group (IPEC-PQG) Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2017. Available from: http://academy.gmp- compliance.org/guidemgr/files/20170517-ipec-pqg-gmp-guide-final-1536242212.pdf [accessed 12.03.21].
Haywood, A. & Glass, B.D. Pharmaceutical excipients – where do we begin? Aust. Prescr. 2011; 34:112-4. Available from: https://www.nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/pharmaceuticalexcipients-where-do-we-begin [accessed 14.03.21].
Ugoeze, K.C. Bioadhesive polymers for drug delivery applications. In: Mittal KL, Bakshi IS, st Narang JK (editors), Bioadhesives in Drug Delivery, 1 ed. NY, USA and MA, USA: John Wiley & Sons and Scrivener Publishing LLC; 2020. p. 29-56.
Kumar, T., Gupta, S.K., Prajapati, M.K., et al. Natural excipients: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2012. 2(1): p. 97-108.
Ugoeze, K.C. & Brown, S.A. Studies on a hydrophilic cellulose matrix derived from Ipomoea batatas tubers II: Application as a filler-disintegrant in piroxicam orally dispersible tablets. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2017. 19(3): p. 1-9.
Ugoeze, K.C., Nwachukwu, N. & Nwodo, C.C. Excipient functionality of a novel hydrophilic biopolymer derived from Ipomoea batatas tubers. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2017. 7(7): p. 360-368.
Ugoeze, K.C; Nwachukwu, N. & Okeke, C. E. The physico-chemical and filler-binder-disintegrant properties of improved hydrophilic powder derived from the fibre of Ipomoea batatas tuber in paracetamol tablet. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021. 45(2):105-112.
Ugoeze, K.C. & Idris, M.E.J. Development of Co-Processed Powders Containing Lactose, Mucuna flagellipes Seed Gum and Ipomoea batatas Tuber Starch. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2020. 11(4): p. 256-275.
Koleng, J.J., McGinity, J.W., Wiber, W.R., Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E. (ed.). Handbook of th Pharmaceutical Excipients. 6 ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2009.
Williams, P.A. & Phillips, G.O. Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 12. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2004. p. 311. nd
Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P. & Gokhale, S.B. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 22 Ed. Pune, India: Nirali Prakashan; 2003.
Richardson, P.H., Willmer, J. & Foster, T.J. Dilute solution properties of guar and locust bean gum in sucrose solutions. Food Hydrocolloid, 1998. 12: 339-348.
Harsulkar, A.A., Sreenivas, S.A., Mandade, R.J., et al. Polymers in mucoadhesive drug delivery system- A review. Intl. J. Drug Formulation Res., 2011. 2: p. 61-67.
Roiter, Y. & Minko, S. AFM single molecule experiments at the solid-liquid interface: In situ conformation of adsorbed flexible polyelectrolyte chains. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2005; 127(45):15688–15689. nd
Painter, P.C. & Coleman, and M.M. Fundamentals of polymer science: An introductory text. 2 ed. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co; 1997.
McArdle, R.& Hamill, R. Utilisation of hydrocolloids in processed meat systems, In: J.P. Kerry, J.F. Kerry (editors), Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Processed Meats. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2011. p. 243-269.
Fallourd, M.J. & Viscione, L. Ingredient selection for stabilisation and texture optimisation of functional beverages and the inclusion of dietary fibre. In: Paul Paquin (editor), Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Functional and Speciality Beverage Technology. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2009. p. 3-38.
Saha, D., & Bhattacharya, S. Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2010. 47(6): p. 587–597.
Goff, H.D. & Guo, Q. The Role of Hydrocolloids in the Development of Food Structure, In: Fotis Spyropoulos, Aris Lazidis, Ian Norton (editors), Handbook of Food Structure Development, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2019, p. 1-28.
Prem, D., Singh, S., Gupta, P. P., Singh, J. & Kadyan, S.P.S. Callus induction and de novo regeneration from callus in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Plant Cell Tiss Org. 2005. 80: p. 209–214.
Mudgil, D., Barak, S., & Khatkar, B. S. Guar gum: processing, properties and food applications-A Review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2014. 51(3): p. 409–418.
Kariduraganavar, M.Y. Kittur, A.A. & Kamble, R.R. Polymer Synthesis and Processing, In: Sangamesh G. Kumbar, Cato T. Laurencin, Meng Deng (editors), Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2014. p. 1-31.
Kulkarni, V.S. & Shaw, C. Use of Polymers and Thickeners in Semisolid and Liquid Formulations. In: Essential Chemistry for Formulators of Semisolid and Liquid Dosages, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016. p. 43-69.
Burkill, H.M. The useful plant of West tropical Africa: Royal Botanic Garden, 2000. 5:p. 296-297.
Iwe, M., Obaje, P. & Akpapunam, M. Physicochemical Properties of Cissus Gum Powder Extracted with the Aid of Edible Starches. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2004. 59:p. 161–168.
Chukwu, A. & Okpalaezinne, P. Preliminary Evaluation of Cissus Root Gum as a Binder in Sodium Salicylate Tablet Formulations, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 1989. 15(2): p. 325-330.
Adeleye, O.A., Femi-Oyewo, M.N., Odeniyi, M.A. & Ajala, T.O. Evaluation of Cissus populnea gum as a directly compressible matrix system for tramadol hydrochloride extended-release tablet. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2019. 9(2): p. 105-111.
Eraga, S.O., Arhewoh, M.I. Uhumwangho, M.U. & Iwuagwu, M.A. Characterisation of a novel, multifunctional, co-processed excipient and its effect on release profile of paracetamol from tablets prepared by direct compression, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2015. 5(9): p.768-772.
Ugoeze, K.C., Nwachukwu, N. & Anyino, P.C. The Effect of Modification Methods on the Properties of Lentinus ruber regium Powders. Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management, 2019. 7(1): p.23–30.
Ugoeze, K. C., & Nkoro V. O. The Physico-Technical Properties of a Multicomponent Lentinus tuber regium Based Co-processed Excipient (Fizlent). American Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2015. 2(3): p. 13-20.
Ugoeze, K.C. & Okpara C. Characterization of a Novel Co-processed Powder of Lentinus tuber regium and Polyvinylpyrollidone (POVILENT). International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences, 2015. 5(2): p. 15-21.
Chaudhari, S.P. & Patil, P.S. Pharmaceutical Excipients: A review. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry, 2012. 1(1):21-34.
Odeku, O.A., Awe, O.O., Popoola, B., Odeniyi, M. A. & Itiola, O.A. Compression and mechanical properties of tablet formulations containing corn, sweet potato and cocoyam starches as binders. Pharm. Technol., 2005. 29(4): p. 82-90.
Carstensen, J.T. & Chan, F.C. Flow rates and repose angle of wet-processed granulations. J. Pharm. Sci., 1997. 66: p. 1235.
Jones, T.M. & Pilpel, N. The flow properties of granular magnesia. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1996. 18: p. 81-93.
Zeleznik, J.A. & Renak, J.L. Flow and compact properties of dibasic calcium phosphate blended with microcrystalline cellulose and silicified microcrystalline cellulose: a paper presented at the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists Annual Meeting and Exposition, Denver, Colorado, 2001.
Hausner, H. Friction conditions in a mass of metal powder. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, 1967. 3:7-13.
Carr, R. Classifying flow of solids. Chemical Engineering, 1965. 72: p. 69-72.
Ring, S.G. Some Studies on Gelatin. Starch, 1985. 37: p. 80-87.
Bowen, F.E., Vadino, W.A. (1984). A simple method for differentiating sources. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 1984. 10: p. 505 – 511.
Liu, L.X., Marziano, I., Bentham, A.C., Litster, J.D. White, E.T. & Howes, T. Effect of particle properties on the flowability of ibuprofen powders. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2008. 362(1-2): p.109-17.
The United States Pharmacopoeia, U.S.P/ NF. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, 2009.
Well, J. Pharmaceutical preformulation: the physicochemical properties of drug substances. In: Aulton, M.E. (Ed.). The science of dosage form design, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, Toronto, 2003, p. 113–138.
Neumann, B.S. Advances in pharmaceutical sciences, Vol. 2; Bean, H.S.; Beckett, A.H. & Carless, J.E. (eds.), Academic Press, London, 1967, 181.
Pilpel, N. The flow properties of magnesia. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 1964. 16: p. 705.
Lejcuś, K., Śpitalniak, M. & Dąbrowska, J. Swelling Behaviour of Superabsorbent Polymers for Soil Amendment under Different Loads. Polymers, 2018. 10(3): p. 271.
Stamm, A.F. Wood and Cellulose Science. New York: The Ronald Press Company; 1964.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Kenneth Chinned Goes, Bethel Covenant Amah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
