The Spacial Distribution and Time Variations in Physico-chemical Parameters of Groundwater at Khartoum Area- between two Niles–Sudan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.1304.19308Keywords:
water chemistry, water quality, groundwater, Khartoum, SudanAbstract
The study area occupied the Khartoum area at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. The main groundwater-bearing formations in the study area are the Gezira and Sandstone sedimentary Formations. The main objective of the current investigation is to determine the correlation between physicochemical properties and their spatial distribution in different time intervals. The methods of investigations were based on the acquired hydro-chemical data and on their analytical results. The average of PH values in the two aquifers is in continuous changes from alkaline toward acidic water type. The dominant water samples were classified as hard and moderately hard. The average TDS value is about 394 mg/l for Gezira aquifer and about 373 mg/l for Sandstone aquifer. The anionic and cationic composition shows that the Bicarbonate (HCO3-1), Sodium (Na+1), Sulphate (SO4-2) and Chloride (Cl-1) ions are the highest concentrations in the two aquifers. The correlation matrix of 15 variables shows significant impact of period variations. (HCO3-1) - (Ca++) and (HCO3-1) - (Na+) are the dominant water facies. The majority of samples fall in rock dominance, the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals are the dominant controlling factors of the groundwater chemistry. The chlorine-alkali index (CAI), give an indication of the occurrence of exchange between Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in water and Na+1 and K+1 ions in the host rocks. The Ammonia and Nitrate average values in both aquifers are increased with time as indicator of pollution, in which the Gezira aquifer is mostly affected.
References
Ahamed, A. J., loganathan, K., Ananthakrishin, S., Ahmed, J. K. C., & Ashraf, M. A., (2017). Evolution of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification and evolution of groundwater in Alathur Block, Perambalur Distric, India. Applied Ecology and environmental Sciences, 15, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1503_105116
Appelo, C. A. and Postma, D. (2005).Groundwater, geochemistry and pollution.Balkema, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Chandrasekar, N., Selvakumar, S., Srinivas, Y., John Wilson, J. S., Simon Peter, T., & Magesh, N. S., (2014). Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater quality along the coastal aquifers of southern Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(11), 4739–4750.
Ettazarini, S., (2005).Processes of water−rock interaction in the Turonian aquifer of Oum Er-Rabia Basin, Morocco. Environ. Geol. 2005, 49, 293−299
El Tahlawi, M. R., El Kassem, M., Boghdady, G., Rabeiy, R., &Saleem, H., (2014). Groundwater quality assessment to estimate its suitability for different uses in Assiut governorate, Egypt. The International Journal of Recent Technology & Engineering (IJRTE), 3, 5. ISSN: 2277-3878 Research gate.
Fisher R. S, Mullican W. F., (1997). Hydrochemical evolution of sodium-sulfate and sodium-chloride groundwater beneath the northern Chihuahuan Desert, Trans-Pecos, Texas, USA. Hydrogeol. J. 5, 4–16
Garcia MG, Hidalgo M, Blesa M. A., (2001).Geochemistry of groundwater in the alluvial plain of Tucum´an province, Argentina. Hydrogeol J 9:597–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0166-4
Gholam, A.K. and Azam, M., (2012). Significance of Hydrogeochemical Analysis in the anagementof Groundwater Resources: A Case Study in Northeastern Iran. InTech, Available from:http://www.intechopen.com/ books/hydrogeology-a-global-perspective
Gibbs, R. J., (1970). Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 17, 1088–1090.
Jagtap, A. S., Kavitha, K. V. N., Hussein, A. D., (2019). “Monitoring of Groundwater level and Development of Control Mechanism based on Machine Learning Algorithm”. In 2019 International conference on Vision Towards Emerging Trends in Communication and Networking (ViTECoN) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Jankowski, J., and R.I. Acworth,. (1997). Impact of debris-flow deposits on hydrochemical processes and the development of dryland salinity in the Yass River catchment, New South Wales, Australia: Hydrogeology Journal 5 : 4, 71-88.
Katz, B. G., Gopalan, T. B., Bullen, T. D. and Davis, J. H., (1998). Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interaction between groundwater and surface water in mantled karst. Groundwater Journal. 35, 1014–1028.
Köhnke, M., Skala, W.andErpenstein, K., (1993). Nile groundwater interaction modeling in thenorthern Gezira plain for drout risk assessment, In: Geo-scientific Research in Northeast Africa (Edited by Thorweihe, U. and Schandeimeir, H.) pp705-711. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Kumar M, Ramanathan AL, Rao MS, Kumar B., (2006). Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi, India. Environ Geol 50:1025–1039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0275-4
Kumar P, Gupta, DK, Mishra VN, Prasad R., (2015). Comparison of support vector machine, artificial neural network, and spectral angle mapper algorithms for crop classification using LISS IV data.Int J Remote Sens. 36:1604-1617.
Mayback M., (1987) Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river-issolved loads. Am J Sci 287:401–428
Mayo, A. L. and Loucks, M. D., (1995). Solute and isotopic geochemistry and groundwater flow in the Central Wasatch Range, Utah. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam). 172, 31–59. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(95) 02748-E
Okiongbo, K. S., & Douglas, R. K., (2015). Evaluation of major factors influencing the geochemistry of groundwater using graphical and multivariate statistical methods in Yenagoa city, Southern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 5(1), 27–37.
Piper, A. M., (1944). A Graphical Procedure in the Geochemical Interpretation of Water Analysis. Trans. Amer. Geo. Phys. Union 25: 914 – 923.
Rajmohan, N.; Elango, L., (2004). Identification and evolution of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment in an area of the Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, Southern India. Environ. Geol. 2004, 46, 47.
Salama, R.B., (1997). The rift basins of Sudan.In Selley, R.C. Hsu, K.J. (Eds).African Basins, Sedimentary basins of the World, 3, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 99-143.
Sawyer. C. N. and McCarty, P. L., (1967).Chemistry for sanitary engineers, 2nd ed. McGraw – Hill, New York, 518 pp.
Schoeller, H., (1977). “Geochemistry of groundwater,” In: Groundwater Studies-An International Guide for Research and Practice, UNESCO, Paris. 1–18.
Tay, C. K., (2012). Hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Savelugu-Nanton District, Northern Ghana. Environ Earth Sci 67:2077–2087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1647-6.
Viswanath, N. C., Kumar, P. G. D., Ammad, K. K., &Kumari, E. R. U., (2015). Groundwater quality and multivariate statistical methods. Environmental processes, 2, 347-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-015-0071-9.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Braa Abdelwdood Ali Ahmed, Abdalla Eltom Mohamed Elsheikh, Khalid Abderahman Elsayed Zeinelabdein
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
