Influence of Parental Deprivation on Conduct Disorders among Children from Public Primary Schools in Masaba South, Kisii County, Kenya

Authors

  • Kiarie O. Michel Department of Educational Psychology and Special Needs, School of Education, Pwani University Kenya, Kenya
  • Alice A. Anika Department of Educational Psychology and Special Needs, School of Education, Pwani University Kenya, Kenya
  • Mwangi M. Sarah Department of Educational Psychology and Special Needs, School of Education, Pwani University Kenya, Kenya
  • Edward Lambert School of Social and Human Studies, Atlantic International University, Pioneer Plaza, 900 Fort Street Mall 905, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
  • Rene T. Level School of Social and Human Studies, Atlantic International University, Pioneer Plaza, 900 Fort Street Mall 905, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
  • Mohammad Shahidul Islam School of Science and Engineering, Atlantic International University, Pioneer Plaza, 900 Fort Street Mall 905, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.1302.18355

Keywords:

Parental deprivation, conduct disorder, correlation, cross-section, economic inequalities

Abstract

Parental absence which is termed parental deprivation associated negatively with the social and mental development and growth of children which has short-term and long-term effects on the mental conditions of children (Mao, 2020) [31]. The current study aimed to determine parental deprivation's influence on conduct disorder among children in public primary schools in Masaba South, Kisii, Kenya. The research employed a correlation and cross-section study design approach, combining qualitative interviews and focus group discussions. A sample of 324 participated in the study. The results were Parental living status significantly influenced anxious or depressed scores among children. Children whose parents lived together exhibited a significant decrease of 4.7 units in anxious/depressed scores (β = -4.7, 95% CI [-5.2, -4.2], p < .001) while Children with separated parents showed a significant increase of 2.9 units in these scores (β = 2.9, 95% CI [2.2, 3.6], p < .001). The study revealed a clear link between parental deprivation and conduct disorders. The study demonstrated the need for comprehensive interventions addressing parental deprivation's material and emotional aspects. Recommendations include strengthening social safety nets, enhancing educational resources, promoting positive parenting practices, and addressing economic inequalities. Future research should explore the long-term effects of parental deprivation, the specific mechanisms of its impact on children, and the cultural factors influencing these dynamics.

References

Alegre, A., Benson, M. J., & Pérez-Escoda, N. (2014). Maternal Warmth and Early Adolescents’ Internalizing Symptoms and Externalizing Behavior: Mediation via Emotional Insecurity. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34(6), 712–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613501408

Amato, Carlson and Corcoran. aP. R. (2014). The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children: An Update. DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD., 23(1), 5-24

Amato, P. R. (2005). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) metaanalysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 355-370. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.355

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Anderson, J. (2014). The impact of family structure on the health of children: Effects of divorce. The Linacre Quarterly, 81(4) 2014, 378-387.

Arain, M., Campbell, M., Cooper, C., & Lancaster, G. (2010). What is a pilot or fesability study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10, 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-67

Asiegbu, M. (2024). Understanding the Impact of Parent-Child Relationships on Emotion Regulation: A Comprehensive Review. MANAGEMENT (NIJCIAM), 4(1). https://kiu.ac.ug/assets/publications/1468_understanding-the-impact-of-parent-child-relationships-onemotion-regulation-a-comprehensive-review.pdf

Bartley, M., Lacey, R. E., Pikhart, H., Stafford, M., & Cable, N. (2014). Parental separation and adult psychological distress: an investigation of material and relational mechanisms. BMC Public Health, 14, 272. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/272

Bojan, O., Du, J., Akmal, K., Khan, M., (2020). Work-Family Conflict Impact on Psychological Safety and Psychological Well-Being: A Job Performance Model

Byegon, I. K. (2022). Analysis of child deprivations and well- being inequalities in Kenya.

Carrier, H., & Utz, R. (2012). Parental Divorce among Young and Adult Children: A Long-Term Quantitative Analysis of Mental Health and Family Solidarity. Journal of Divorce and Marriage, 53(4), 247-266.

Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(7), 819-830.

Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 673-683.

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education (7th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Routledge.

D’Onforio, B., & Emery, R. (2019). Parental divorce or separation and children’s mental health. World Psychology, 18(1), 100-101. DOI:10.1002/wps.20590

Dosunmu, S., & Sowunmi, R. (2016). Impact of Deprivations in Childhood on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Ghetto Areas in Lagos, Nigeria. 8.

Dowdney, L. (2002). Annotation: Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of

DWP. Percentage of children living with both birth parents, by age of child and household income; and estimated happiness of parental relationships. Technical report, DWP available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/percentage-ofchildren-living-with-both-birth-parents, 2013.

Easterbrook, M. J., & Hadden, I. R. (2021). Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions. Social Issues and Policy Review, 15(1), 180–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12070.

Gahler, M., & Palmtag, E. L. (2015). Parental Divorce, Psychological Well-Being and Educational Attainment: Changed Experience, Unchanged Effect among Swedes Born 1892–1991. Soc Indic Res, 123, 601–623.

Ghosh (2016) Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement among Advantage and

Gifford, E., & Choi, (2015). Parental Deprivation—An overview | Science Direct Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/parentaldeprivation.

Guio, A., & Smith, A. (2009). Impact of Family Breakdown on Children’s Well-Being Evidence Review.

Hinshaw, S. P., Nguyen, P. T., O’Grady, S. M., & Rosenthal, E. A. (2022). Annual Research Review: Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women: underrepresentation, longitudinal processes, and key 135 directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13480

Kendler, K.S., Sheth, K., Gardner, C.O & Prescott, C.A. (2002).Childhood parental loss and risk

Kenya—Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2019). Retrieved October 28, 2023, from https://statistics.knbs.or.ke/nada/index.php/catalog/65

Klassen, A., Yoogalingam, P., Reineking, S., Dix, D., Pritchard, S., & O’Donnell, M. (2008). Developing a literature base to understand the caregiving experience of parents of children with cancer: A systematic review of factors related to parental health and well-being. Supportive Care in Cancer, 15(7), 807–818.

Leturcq, M., Panico, L. (2019). The Long-Term Effects of Parental Separation on Childhood Multidimensional Deprivation: A Lifecourse Approach.

Lin, K.K., Sandler, I.N., Ayers, T.S., Wolchik, S.A. and Luecken, L.J. (2004). Resilience in

Mansharamani, H., Patil, P. S., Behere, P. B., Man2135sharamani, D., & Nagdive, A. (2018). Psychiatric morbidity in children of alcoholic parents. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(2), 226–230. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_57_17

Mao, M., Zang, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). The Effects of Parental Absence on Children Development: Evidence from Left-Behind Children in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186770

Marion, L., and Panico, L. (2019). The Long-Term Effects of Parental Separation on Childhood Multidimensional Deprivation: A Lifecourse Approach

Minujin, Milano & Plargo. (2017). Critical considerations about the use of poverty measures in the study of cognitive development.

Mugenda, O.M. and Mugenda, A.G. (2003) Research Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. ACT, Nairobi. - References—Scientific Research Publishing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2023, fromhttps://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1917785

Ngina, G. P. (2013). Influence of family breakdown on pre-primary school children’s learning outcomes in Kiambu County, Kenya. 111.

Obwocha, V. (2018). The Influence of School and Family Based Factors on Anti-social Behaviour Among Secondary School Students: A Case of Nyaribari Masaba Constituency of Kisii County, Kenya. [Thesis, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/105681

Omkarappa, D. B., & Rentala, S. (2019). Anxiety, depression, self-esteem among children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(2), 604–609. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_282_18

Orodho, A.J. (2003) Essentials of Educational and Social Science Research Methods. Mazola Publishers, Nairobi. - References—Scientific Research Publishing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2023, from https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1775499

Parentally Bereaved Children and Adolescents Seeking Preventive Services. Journal of

Schoon, I. (2019). The well-being of children in the face of socio-economic deprivation and family instability. Revue Des Politiques Sociales et Familiales, 131(1), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.3406/caf.2019.3359

Seijo, D., Fariña, F., Corras, T., Novo, M., & Arce, R. (2016). Estimating the Epidemiology and Quantifying the Damages of Parental Separation in Children and Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01611

Sosu, E., Schmidt, P. (2017). Economic Deprivation and Its Effects on Childhood Conduct Problems: The Mediating Role of Family Stress and Investment Factors.

Springer Link. (2020). A Systematic Review of Household and Family Alcohol Use and Adolescent Behavioural Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries | SpringerLink. (2022). Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10578-020-01038-w

UNICEF Annual Report 2015. Therapeutic Reparenting for the Developmentally Deprived Student on JSTOR. (2015). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23901240

Watson, A, LoBue, K. Pérez-Edgar, & K. A. Buss. (2019). Handbook of emotional development (pp. 787–811). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_29

Worthman, C. M., Tomlinson, M., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2016). When can parents most influence their child’s development? Expert knowledge and perceived local realities. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 154, 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.040

Zach. (2023). Slovin’s Formula: What is it and When do I use it? - Statistics How To. (2023). Retrieved February 1, 2024, from https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/how-to-use-slovinsformula/

Downloads

Published

2025-04-25

How to Cite

Michel, K. O., Anika, A. A., Sarah, M. M., Lambert, E., Level, R. T., & Islam, M. S. (2025). Influence of Parental Deprivation on Conduct Disorders among Children from Public Primary Schools in Masaba South, Kisii County, Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(02), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.1302.18355

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>