Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Water from a Post-Remediated Crude Oil Produced Water Discharge Channel in the Niger Delta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.1302.18619Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate heavy metals in a post remediated crude oil produced water discharge channel. A total of twenty water samples were collected from ten sampling locations using grab sampling technique in October, 2022 (wet season) and February, 2023 (dry season). Heavy metals were determined in all the samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion with aqua regia. The results showed that the concentrations (mg/L) for heavy metals in the water for all locations and seasons ranged from <0.001-0.05 for Cd, 0.04-0.28 for Pb, 0.002-0.09 for Cr, 0.03-0.22 for Ni, 0.01-0.07 for Cu, <0.005-0.007 for V, 0.01-0.18 for Mn, 0.04-0.14 for Zn and 0.58-6.71 for Fe for all locations and seasons. The results showed that there was no significant (p > 0.05) spatial variation in the concentrations of all the heavy metals in the water but there was significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there was no significant (p > 0.05) spatial variation in the concentrations of the heavy metals in the wet season (WS) and dry season (DS), however, t-test analysis showed that there was significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variation in the concentrations of the heavy metals. The heavy metals were significantly higher in the dry season than the wet season except for Cu, V and Fe which have higher in the dry season. On the average, the concentrations of the heavy metals in the water decrease in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu = Ni > Pb > V > Cr > Cd > As = Hg during the wet season and Fe > Pb > Ni > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cd = Cu > V > As = Hg during the dry season. The concentrations of the heavy metals except, Pb, Ni and Fe in the water samples were below or within their regulatory limits indicating recovery of the post remediated channel. This should be sustained to ensure full recovery of the remediated channel.
References
Abubakar, M. Y., Ahmad, K. B., Shamsuddeen, R., & Haladu, M. (2024). Heavy Metal Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review of Toxic Impacts and Remediation Strategies. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.58578/AMJSAI.v1i1.3387
Agbaire, P.O. & Obi, C.G. (2009). Seasonal variations of some physico-chemical properties of River Ethiope water in Abraka, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management,13(1), 55-57
Aghoghovwia, O.A., Oyelese, O.A. & Ohimain, E.I. (2015). Heavy metals in sediments of Warri River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Geological, Agricultural and Environmental Science, 3(1), 20–24.
Akan, J. C., Abdulrahman, V.O., Ogugbuaja & Reuben, K.D. (2009). Study of the physico-chemical pollutants in Kano industrial areas, Kano State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 4(2), 89 -102.
Alloway, B. J. (2012). Heavy metals in soils: Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability (Vol. 22). Springer Science & Business Media
Ayenimo, J.G., Adeyinwo, C.E., Amoo, I.A. & Odukudu, F.1. (2005). A preliminary investigation of heavy metals in periwinkles from Warri River, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(5): 813 - 815.
CCME (1999). Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment. Canadian Environmental quality guidelines (CCME). Winnipeg, MB
Davutluoglu, O.I., Seckin, G., Kalat, D.G., Yilmaz, T. & Ersu, C.B. (2010). Speciation and implications of heavy metal content in surface sediment of akyatan lagoon-turkey. Desalination 260: 199–210.
Freeman, O.E. & Omoregie, I.P. (2016). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water and Bottom Sediment of Ekpan Creek, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 8(4): 1-10
Irwandi, J. & Farida, O. (2009). Mineral and heavy metal contents of marine fin fish in Langkawi Island, Malaysia. International Food Research Journal,16, 105–112.
Kaizer, A.N. & Osakwe, S.A. (2010). Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal levels in water Samples from five river systems in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 14(1): 83 – 87.
Khan, Z., Elahi, A., Bukhari, D. A., & Rehman, A. (2022). Cadmium sources, toxicity, resistance and removal by microorganisms-A potential strategy for cadmium eradication. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 26(6), 101569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101569
Mat, M. (2023, April 9). Zinc (Zn) Ore Properties, Formation, Minerals, Deposits. Geology Science https://geologyscience.com/ore-minerals/zinc-ore/
Motswaiso, F. S., Nakamura, K., Watanabe, N., & Komai, T. (2019). Geochemical Investigation of Met-als and Trace Elements around the Abandoned Cu-Ni Mine Site in Selibe Phikwe, Botswana. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 7, 275-293.
Nagajyoti, P. C., Lee, K. D., & Sreekanth, T. V. M. (2010). Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 8(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8
Naoum (2024). All About Manganese. Xometry.
Nriagu, J. O., & Pacyna, J. M. (1988). Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature, 333(6169), 134–139.
Nwajei, G. E., Dibofori-Orji, A. N. Iwegbue, C. M. A. & Ojuh, B. O. (2014). Distribution of trace elements in surface water and sediments from Crayford Creek in Warri, Delta State of Nigeria. Academic Research International 5 (4), 4 –14.
Okoye, C.O & Iteyere, P. O. (2014). Physicochemical characteristics of Warri River, Delta state. Nigeria and possible implications. International Journal of Engineering, Research and Technology, 3(4): 795-802.
Onojake, M.C., Sikoki, F.D., Omok Heyeke, O. & Akpiri, R.U. (2015). Surface water characteristics and trace metals level of the Bonny/New Calabar River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, DOI 10.1007/s13201-015-0306-y.
Owamah, J. (2013). Heavy Metals Determination and Assessment in a Petroleum Impacted River in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Hilary. Journal of Environmental Biotechnology 4:135. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000135
Papafilippaki, A., Velegraki, D., Vlachaki, C. & Stavroulakis, G. (2008). Levels of Heavy Metals and Bioavailability in Soils from the Industrial Area of Heraklion- Crete, Greece. Proceedings of the “Protection and Restoration of the Environment IX”. 29/6-3/7/2008 Kefalonia (Ionian Sea).
Radojevic, M., & Bashkin, V. N. (1999). Practical Environmental Analysis (645 p.). Science Park, Cambridge, UK: Royal School of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House.
Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON, 2007). Handbook on Nigeria regulatory standard for drinking water quality. Wuse, Abuja, Nigeria. Retrieved from hhtp://www.google.com on November 25, 2017.
Spiegel, H. (2002) Trace element accumulation in selected bioindicators exposed to emission along the industrial facilities of Danube lowland. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 26: 815 – 823.
Tesi, G.O., Iwegbue, C.M.A., Emuh, F.N. and Nwajei, G.E. (2016). Lagdo Dam Flood Disaster of 2012: An Assessment of the concentrations, sources, and risks of PAHs in floodplain soils of the lower reaches of River Niger, Nigeria. J. Environ. Qual., 45:305–314.
Ullah, Z., Rashid, A., Ghani, J., Nawab, J., Zeng, X.-C., Shah, M., Alrefaei, A. F., Kamel, M., Aleya, L., Abdel-Daim, M. M., & Iqbal, J. (2022). Groundwater contamination through potentially harmful metals and its implications in groundwater management. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1021596.
USEPA (1999). Risk Assessment guidance for superfund, Vol. 1: Human health Evaluation Manual EPA/se0/1-89/002, office of solid waste and emergency Response, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
US EPA, O. (2024). Health Effects of Exposures to Mercury Overviews and Factsheets https://www.epa.gov/mercury/health-effects-exposures-mercury
Werner, T., Bell, C., Frenzel, M., Jowitt, S., Agarwal, P., & Mudd, G. (2024). Cadmium: A global assessment of mineral resources, extraction and indicators of mine toxicity potential. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad9292/meta
WHO (2011). Guideline for Drinking Water Quality. First Addendum to the Third Edition Volume 1 Recommendations. 491 – 493.
WHO (2024). Lead poisoning. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead- poisoning-and-health
Wogu, M.D, & Okaka, C. E. (2011). Pollution studies on Nigerian rivers: Heavy metals in surface water of Warri River, Delta State. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 1(3): 7-12.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Asibor, Godwin, Gaja, Caroline, Edjere, Oghenekohwiroro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
