{"id":9880,"date":"2025-07-18T14:18:24","date_gmt":"2025-07-18T09:18:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/?p=9880"},"modified":"2025-07-23T11:57:49","modified_gmt":"2025-07-23T06:57:49","slug":"eb371","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/eb371\/","title":{"rendered":"A Comparative Analysis of Biofertilizer (Azolla) and Commercial Fertilizer (Urea) on Rice Performance in a Controlled Environment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9880\" class=\"elementor elementor-9880\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e9e8a6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e9e8a6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19f6d98d\" data-id=\"19f6d98d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-58c348e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58c348e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6aad46aa\" data-id=\"6aad46aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25de970f custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25de970f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Comparative Analysis of Biofertilizer (Azolla) and Commercial Fertilizer (Urea) on Rice Performance in a Controlled Environment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b5ef6fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b5ef6fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3baec7a4\" data-id=\"3baec7a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3206fe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3206fe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div title=\"Page 1\"><div title=\"Page 2\"><div title=\"Page 1\"><div title=\"Page 2\"><div title=\"Page 2\"><div title=\"Page 2\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>Ms. Zareefa Bacchus \u2013 Author<\/p><p>Mr. Rameshwar Raghunauth \u2013 Editor<\/p><p>Professor Subramanian Gomathinayagam &#8211; Supervisor<\/p><p>Dr. Elroy Charles &#8211; Supervisor<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ed281a6 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"5ed281a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-385f937f elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"385f937f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">ABSTRACT<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1300c342 custom-text-justify elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1300c342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"> Rice production is dependent on nitrogen (N), the most essential yield-limiting nutrient. However, chemical N fertilizers have long-term negative consequences on soil and ecosystem health. The use of the free-floating aquatic fern Azolla as a biofertilizer could be a viable option for increasing rice yield without causing environmental damage. It provides a natural source of many nutrients, particularly nitrogen, increases the soil organic matter, and improves the efficiency of inorganic fertilizers while maintaining a suitable soil pH for rice growth. This present study compares the use of Azolla and urea on rice performance in a controlled environment. Live and healthy Azolla species were collected from ponds, brought to the laboratory for identification, mass multiplied, and used as biofertilizers within a completely randomized experiment to study the growth and yield performance of rice (GRDB 10 variety) in pot culture. Six Treatments (T1- Control, T2- Urea (2.29 g\/ft2), T3- Azolla (10 g\/ft2), T4- Azolla (20 g\/ft2), T5- Urea + Azolla (10 g\/ft2) and T6- Urea + Azolla (20 g\/ft2) were replicated 6 times in 36 pots. Healthy seeds were sowed and transplanted into pots and growth parameters, such as shoot and root length, number of leaflets, number of panicles, number of tillers, plant wet and dry weight, and yield parameters, such as filled and unfilled grains, and weight of 1000 grains, were assessed from the different treatments. The total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, protein, and nitrogen contents were estimated in all treatments. There were significant increases in plant height, the number of effective tillers, dry biomass, and nitrogen content of rice plants with the use of T6 over that of the other treatments, T1- T4. T5 and T6 performed similarly in almost all parameters except for filled grains and panicle length where T6 outperformed T5. While Azolla alone results were comparable to that of urea alone, Azolla in combination with urea at 20g\/ft2 has an immense potential to increase plant productivity and concomitantly soil health and sustainability. Further studies should explore the optimal combination of Azolla and urea and whether the rate of urea can decrease with an increasing rate of Azolla. Keywords: Azolla, Urea, Oryza sativa, Biofertilizer, Nitrogen fixation.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cc466a3\" data-id=\"4cc466a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-308250a2 img-thumbnail elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"308250a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" 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International License<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23278f9c dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"23278f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The study investigated the environment surrounding refugees\u2019 access to humanitarian assistance which tends to suffocate the spirit of the Uganda Refugee Act of 2006 under Article 30 which allows freedom of movement for refugees in the 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