{"id":9481,"date":"2024-04-05T12:22:11","date_gmt":"2024-04-05T07:22:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/?p=9481"},"modified":"2025-01-09T18:11:47","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T13:11:47","slug":"eb352","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/eb352\/","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of Failure Causes of Small-Scale Contractors in Zambia: Contractors\u2019 Perspective"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9481\" class=\"elementor elementor-9481\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e9e8a6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e9e8a6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19f6d98d\" data-id=\"19f6d98d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-58c348e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58c348e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6aad46aa\" data-id=\"6aad46aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25de970f custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25de970f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analysis of Failure Causes of Small-Scale Contractors in Zambia: Contractors\u2019 Perspective<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b5ef6fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b5ef6fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3baec7a4\" data-id=\"3baec7a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3206fe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3206fe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>Sidney Kawimbe<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ed281a6 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"5ed281a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14738\/eb.352.2024\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14738\/eb.352.2024<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-385f937f elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"385f937f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">.....................................<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1300c342 custom-text-justify elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1300c342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The construction industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in Zambia from 2010 to 2019, recording an average contribution of about 9.9 percent of National Gross Domestic Product. However, this growth contribution appears to be made by foreign owned companies who account for less than 5 percent of registered contractors, but have a share of over 90 percent of the works contracts mainly from local and central governments. Small Scale Contractor business in Zambia is prone to failure and stagnation, with the sector witnessing failure rate of 45%. As in the case of any other business sector, failure, collapse, bankruptcy, and or closure terms are common words in the construction industry since construction industry involves many risks. The objective of the study was to understand failure causes of Small-Scale Contractors from their perspective in Zambia and come up with measures that can assist the sector to grow and become sustainable. The study was a national wide study with respondents drawn from all the ten (10) provinces of Zambia using a mixed research method with a bias to qualitative research method. The sample for the research consisted of 348 owners\/managers of Small-Scale Contractor businesses calculated from the entire population of registered Small-Scale Contractors on the National Council for Construction data base. The respondents were selected using purposive sampling as this method was deemed to be the best suited method since it captures respondents with varying profiles ideal for this study. The research instruments used consisted of observation, open-ended questionnaires and close-ended questionnaires made on a 5-point likert scale with questionnaires distributed to all the 10 provinces of Zambia. The 5-point likert scale was ideal as it reduces the frustration levels of patient respondents and increases the rate and response quality and also that for larger studies like in this case where (N greater than 100). The research findings indicate that difficulty in acquiring works from clients especially the local and central governments, inadequate financial and technical capacity among local contractors, difficulty in getting payment from clients, lack of experience, and corruption are the major causes of (SSCs) business failure. The study presents a number of recommendations, including enhancement of training for (SSCs) business owners and managers in managerial and entrepreneurial skills, government support to (SSCs) by way of enforcing the 20% subcontracting policy and stake holder fight against corruption and nepotism. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cc466a3\" data-id=\"4cc466a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-308250a2 img-thumbnail elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"308250a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Screenshot-2025-01-09-at-6.10.28-PM-242x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-9648\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Screenshot-2025-01-09-at-6.10.28-PM-242x300.png 242w, https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Screenshot-2025-01-09-at-6.10.28-PM.png 560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c92723d dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2c92723d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ed9ede elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"64ed9ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/14fur7Z94AEqZFqksfKq8kzDuywCw-PEK\/view\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">PDF<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf792d dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"bf792d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518f539f custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518f539f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Published<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a1a5f13 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1a1a5f13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">April 05, 2024<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68cce051 dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"68cce051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-390edc76 custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"390edc76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Categories<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2a969 dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b2a969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33de955b elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"33de955b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/category\/ebooks\/social-sciences\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Social Sciences<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36467b30 custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36467b30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Copyright<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bbda868 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"6bbda868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Copyright (c) 2024 Sidney Kawimbe <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e6c881c dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7e6c881c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-482a0a17 custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"482a0a17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">License<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f1b49ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f1b49ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23278f9c dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"23278f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The study investigated the environment surrounding refugees\u2019 access to humanitarian assistance which tends to suffocate the spirit of the Uganda Refugee Act of 2006 under Article 30 which allows freedom of movement for refugees in the country.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9066,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"disabled","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,68],"tags":[220],"class_list":["post-9481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ebooks","category-social-sciences","tag-social-sciences"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9481"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9654,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9481\/revisions\/9654"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9066"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}