{"id":7767,"date":"2022-03-28T14:57:46","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T09:57:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/?p=7767"},"modified":"2022-03-28T15:21:33","modified_gmt":"2022-03-28T10:21:33","slug":"eb92","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/eb92\/","title":{"rendered":"The Export Processing Zone Strategy and SocioEconomic Development in Nigeria"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7767\" class=\"elementor elementor-7767\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3767b69c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3767b69c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-60a44c0\" data-id=\"60a44c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ba2c324 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ba2c324\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-200053a0\" data-id=\"200053a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3621f545 custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3621f545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Export Processing Zone Strategy and SocioEconomic Development in Nigeria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1927205a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1927205a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a7a5e8c\" data-id=\"4a7a5e8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ec005d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ec005d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Harry, Deinibiteim Monimah<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b77b300 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"4b77b300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">School of Graduate Studies University of Port Harcourt Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c4579c4 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"7c4579c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14738\/eb.92.2021\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14738\/eb.92.2021<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1baf32e0 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1baf32e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Free Trade Zones, Industrial Development Zones, Socio-economic<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44f51c6e custom-text-justify elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"44f51c6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">This study examined the contribution of Export Processing Zones to the socio-economic development of Nigeria. The country adopted the EPZ strategy in 1992 with the establishment of Calabar Free Trade Zone to diversify the economy, accelerate industrialization, acquire modern technologies, create jobs, and attract FDIs. Since then 25 zones have been registered out of which 11 are operational, 9 under construction and 5 merely declared. In this study, the endogenous growth theory was adopted as the theoretical framework of analysis. It focuses on the institution of a knowledge-based human capital accumulation system and structures through learning by doing externalities, investment in research and development (R and D) activities that will generate new ideas enhance technological progress and improve quality of products via the zones. Four zones, (Calabar, Oil and Gas, Snake Island and ALSCON) were randomly selected. Two hundred and ninety (290) copies of questionnaires were administered on 290 respondents selected from 54 FZEs and 4 Zonal Management Boards. Out of this number 242 properly completed questionnaires served as the sample size for the data analysis. Primary and secondary data were used in the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage distribution. Views on the research assumptions were presented and discussed exhaustively. The study revealed that EPZs have not substantially contributed to Nigeria\u2019s socio-economic development. This is because the zones have not significantly enhanced the industrialization process, economic diversification, technology transfer, employment generation, etc. It concluded that for the EPZs to contribute meaningfully to Nigeria\u2019s socio-economic development they must accelerate the industrialization and diversification, increase export of manufactured goods, and create jobs. Some of the recommendations are that value addition should be made compulsory in the production processes; R and D must be made central to EPZ\u2019s operations and that deliberate efforts must be made to increase the exports of manufactured goods and government should endeavour to stabilize the power situation at the zones.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4082a64a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4082a64a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- References Button -->\n<div class=\"py-3 text-center\"><button class=\"btn btn-lg btn-primary\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapseExample\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapseExample\">\nView References\n<\/button><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c61a4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c61a4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"collapseExample\" class=\"collapse mt-3\"><ol><li>Adediran, A.O. 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(2007), Development Opportunities in the Gulf of Guinea Through Duty Free Zones, Cabotage and Common Maritime Regime, A paper presented at Abuja Petroleum Roundtable on Oil and the Future of Nigeria Challenges, Opportunities, Road Map to Development, Transcorp Hilton Hotel Abuja, (March 8 \u2013 9, 2007).<\/li><li>Warr. P. C. (1989), Export Processing Zones: The Economics of Enclave Manufacturing, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol: 4 Issue No. 1 Pp 65 \u2013 88.<\/li><li>Watson, P. (2001), Export Processing Zones: Has Africa Missed the Boat? Not Yet, Africa Regional Working Paper Series, No. 17, World Bank.<\/li><li>Webster, (2013), The New International Webster\u2019s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language Princeton: Standard International Media Holdings.<\/li><li>Weissman, R. (1996), \u201cWaiting to Export: Africa Embraces Export Processing Zones\u201d, Multinational Monitor, (July\/August, 1996).<\/li><li>World Bank (2011), Chinese Investment in Special Economic Zones in Africa: Progress, Challenges and Lessons Learned; Final Report of World Bank, January, 2011.<\/li><li>World Bank (2014), Build Nigeria population Graph 1960 \u2013 2013, hosted at itbulk.org\/population\/population by country.<\/li><li>Yang, L. (2006), \u201cModel Construction and Its Check up on the Influencing Factors of the Synthetic Economic Effect of EPZs\u201d, International Trade Issue, Issue No. 3.<\/li><li>\u00a0<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-341d9bbb\" data-id=\"341d9bbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37cfb908 img-thumbnail elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"37cfb908\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"300\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4df80868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-248049e7 dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"248049e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This study examined the contribution of Export Processing Zones to the socio-economic development of Nigeria. The country adopted the EPZ strategy in 1992 with the establishment of Calabar Free Trade Zone to diversify the economy, accelerate industrialization, acquire modern technologies, create jobs, and attract FDIs. Since then 25 zones have been registered out of which 11 are operational, 9 under construction and 5 merely declared. In this study, the endogenous growth theory was adopted as the theoretical framework of analysis. It focuses on the institution of a knowledge-based human capital accumulation system and structures through learning by doing externalities, investment in research and development (R and D) activities that will generate new ideas enhance technological progress and improve quality of products via the zones. Four zones, (Calabar, Oil and Gas, Snake Island and ALSCON) were randomly selected. Two hundred and ninety (290) copies of questionnaires were administered on 290 respondents selected from 54 FZEs and 4 Zonal Management Boards. Out of this number 242 properly completed questionnaires served as the sample size for the data analysis. Primary and secondary data were used in the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage distribution. Views on the research assumptions were presented and discussed exhaustively. The study revealed that EPZs have not substantially contributed to Nigeria\u2019s socio-economic development. This is because the zones have not significantly enhanced the industrialization process, economic diversification, technology transfer, employment generation, etc. It concluded that for the EPZs to contribute meaningfully to Nigeria\u2019s socio-economic development they must accelerate the industrialization and diversification, increase export of manufactured goods, and create jobs. Some of the recommendations are that value addition should be made compulsory in the production processes; R and D must be made central to EPZ\u2019s operations and that deliberate efforts must be made to increase the exports of manufactured goods and government should endeavour to stabilize the power situation at the zones.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7770,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"plain-container","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"disabled","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,38,47,68],"tags":[249,248,250],"class_list":["post-7767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ebooks","category-business-management","category-economy","category-social-sciences","tag-free-trade-zones","tag-industrial-development-zones","tag-socio-economic"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7767"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7779,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7767\/revisions\/7779"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}