{"id":7353,"date":"2022-03-25T17:43:30","date_gmt":"2022-03-25T12:43:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/?p=7353"},"modified":"2022-05-07T12:47:25","modified_gmt":"2022-05-07T07:47:25","slug":"eb206","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/eb206\/","title":{"rendered":"Nationhood and the Hypothetical Question of Bilingual Education in Cameroon A Sociolinguistic Appraisal"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7353\" class=\"elementor elementor-7353\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b2b23ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b2b23ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5ad59a06\" data-id=\"5ad59a06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-18ff2249 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"18ff2249\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-320661e2\" data-id=\"320661e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43135ea0 custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"43135ea0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nationhood and the Hypothetical Question of Bilingual Education in Cameroon A Sociolinguistic Appraisal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-60ad854 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"60ad854\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e4cdb03\" data-id=\"2e4cdb03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e252bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e252bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alobwede E. Charles<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-241e5c3d elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"241e5c3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><b>DOI:<\/b><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14738\/eb.206.2021\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14738\/eb.206.2021<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1119f4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1119f4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keywords<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47eff3f2 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"47eff3f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Sociolinguistic, Multilingual Components, Political Efficiency, Multilingual African<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56c50a13 custom-text-justify elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"56c50a13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Many African states which had been under the influence of western colonisation before the 1960s, presented many challenges of a sociolinguistic kind at independence. Some of these challenges at the national level received a good deal of attention from the new authorities, while others at the community level were comparatively neglected. One of the most salient challenges these newly independent states were confronted with was the accommodation of their multiethnic and multilingual components within a single political framework. One aspect of this preoccupation was the formulation of specific language policies which attempted to reconcile the importance acquired by a metropolitan language during the colonial rule with post independent aspirations. The difficulties for these states in the choice of a language for common usage stemmed from the fact that most of them were colonised, thus the imposition of a language of administration. Brosnahan (1963) opines that the imposition of an official or administrative language on the homelands of other languages is a phenomenon which has occurred on numerous occasions in human history. A reason for the imposition is the aspect of multilingualism. By the nature of the cases, an authority imposing a language is simultaneously imposing some sort of political unity on the area concerned. If circumstances are favourable, the imposed language, as it percolates down to more and more of the population, may well be influential in the development of the awareness of belonging to a nation which is greater than the village or town of the immediate horizon. In this way, the imposed language(s) may play a considerable role in developing a national consciousness and unity among previously separated or even warring groups.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59196307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59196307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- References Button -->\n<div class=\"py-3 text-center\"><button class=\"btn btn-lg btn-primary\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapseExample\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapseExample\">\nView References\n<\/button><\/div>\n<div id=\"collapseExample\" class=\"collapse mt-3\">\n<ol>\n \t<li>Adsett, Margaret and Michael Morin. (2005). Contact and Attitudes Towards Bilingualism in Canada.\u00a0 ISB4 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, USA: Cascadilla Press. 1-17.<\/li>\n \t<li>Ager, D. (2001). Motivation in Language Planning and Language Policy. Clevedon, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd.<\/li>\n \t<li>Alatis, James. (ed.). (1972). Language and Linguistics: Bilingualism and Language Contact.Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.<\/li>\n \t<li>Anderson W.L. et al. (1966).\u00a0 Introductory Readings on Language, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.<\/li>\n \t<li>Appel, R. &amp; Muysken R. (1990). Language Contact and Bilingualism. New York: Edward Arnold.<\/li>\n \t<li>Ayafor, Isaiah Munang. (2000). \u201cFunctions and Status of English in Cameroon\u201d. University of \u00a0Yaounde I:\u00a0 DEA Project.<\/li>\n \t<li>\u00a0(2005). Official Bilingualism in Cameroon: Institutional or Integrative Policy. ISB4 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, USA: Cascadilla Press. 123-142.<\/li>\n \t<li>Azeyeh, Albert. (2004). Observations sur la place du Fran\u00e7ais et du francophone dans une institution de tradition anglosaxon en pays bilingue: le cas de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Buea. R\u00e9vue Internationale des Arts, Lettres et Sciences Social (RIALSS), Presse Universitaire de Yaound\u00e9, 57-69.<\/li>\n \t<li>Babbie, E. R. (1975).\u00a0 The Practice of Social Research, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc.<\/li>\n \t<li>Bachi, A. Beteck. (1987). \u201cEthnic Attitudes Towards the Acquisition and Use of the English Language in Cameroon\u201d. University of Yaounde I: Ma\u00eetrise Dissertation.<\/li>\n \t<li>Barkin, Florence. (1981). \u201cLanguage Switching in Chicano Spanish. Linguistic Norm Awareness. Social and Educational Issues in Bilingualism and Biculturalism, University Press of America INC, 102-116.<\/li>\n \t<li>Beardsmore, H. B. (1982). <em>Bilingualism: Basic Principles<\/em>: Cleveland: Multilingual Matters.<\/li>\n \t<li>Bekker, Ian. (2005). Language Attitude and Ethnolinguistic Identity in South Africa: A Critical \u00a0Review. ISB4 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, USA:\u00a0 Cascadilla Press. 233-23.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f4e3aa6\" data-id=\"3f4e3aa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4debf1c3 img-thumbnail elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4debf1c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Untitled-2-242x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7356\" alt=\"Nationhood and the Hypothetical Question of Bilingual Education in Cameroon A Sociolinguistic Appraisal\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Untitled-2-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Untitled-2.jpg 390w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17ab18e4 dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"17ab18e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f737dc8 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class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/category\/ebooks\/linguistics\/\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Linguistics<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbe5fb0 dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2dbe5fb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c121484 custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c121484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Copyright<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12eccdcb elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"12eccdcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Copyright (c) 2021 \u202aAlobwede E. Charles<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e1210bb dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e1210bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bf4b020 custom-sub-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7bf4b020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">License<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53664ad1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53664ad1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This work is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7296bd00 dropdown-divider elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7296bd00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many African states which had been under the influence of western colonisation before the 1960s, presented many challenges of a sociolinguistic kind at independence. Some of these challenges at the national level received a good deal of attention from the new authorities, while others at the community level were comparatively neglected. One of the most salient challenges these newly independent states were confronted with was the accommodation of their multiethnic and multilingual components within a single political framework. One aspect of this preoccupation was the formulation of specific language policies which attempted to reconcile the importance acquired by a metropolitan language during the colonial rule with post independent aspirations. The difficulties for these states in the choice of a language for common usage stemmed from the fact that most of them were colonised, thus the imposition of a language of administration. Brosnahan (1963) opines that the imposition of an official or administrative language on the homelands of other languages is a phenomenon which has occurred on numerous occasions in human history. A reason for the imposition is the aspect of multilingualism. By the nature of the cases, an authority imposing a language is simultaneously imposing some sort of political unity on the area concerned. If circumstances are favourable, the imposed language, as it percolates down to more and more of the population, may well be influential in the development of the awareness of belonging to a nation which is greater than the village or town of the immediate horizon. In this way, the imposed language(s) may play a considerable role in developing a national consciousness and unity among previously separated or even warring groups.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7356,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"plain-container","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"disabled","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,48,57,68,71],"tags":[86,83,85,84],"class_list":["post-7353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ebooks","category-education","category-linguistics","category-social-sciences","category-textbooks-and-learning-guides","tag-multilingual-african","tag-multilingual-components","tag-political-efficiency","tag-sociolinguistic"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7353"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7353\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8416,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7353\/revisions\/8416"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7356"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}