{"id":43,"count":3,"description":"Criminal justice refers to the system by which justice is dispensed onto those who have committed a crime. It includes the crime a defendant allegedly committed, the law enforcement officers who arrested him, the court system that prosecutes and defends him, and how the defendant is punished if he is convicted. Law enforcement agencies, the courts system, and the detention and supervisory agencies for offenders all work together to maintain a society's rule of law. Criminal justice systems have existed in some form or other for centuries, although the forms they have taken have changed with time. There have always been acts deemed by a society to be unacceptable, but the way society has punished those behaviors (and who was empowered to do the punishing) have changed. For example, stealing has been punished for centuries by mutilation and branding, but imprisonment is a relatively \"modern\" invention that was not widely used until the 19th century. Watchmen, the ancestors of our modern police, have similarly existed for thousands of years in many different parts of the world. In England, watchmen were codified into law in the 13th century. Unlit streets brought danger after dark. These volunteer groups of men were responsible for patrolling the streets of their local town or parish at night to keep the peace, watch out for fires, and enforce curfew ordinances. An increase in both population and crime in the late 18th and early 19th centuries made the effectiveness of this volunteer, local-level force both inefficient and untenable, and they were replaced by the first paid, state-run modern police force, London's Metropolitan Police, in 1829, which cast the model for today's law enforcement agencies.","link":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/category\/ebooks\/criminology-criminal-justice\/","name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","slug":"criminology-criminal-justice","taxonomy":"category","parent":2,"meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/43","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/taxonomies\/category"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/2"}],"wp:post_type":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarpublishing.org\/sse\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts?categories=43"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}